14`### @@@ @@@@DI {## EN DB #P /B     & .g/ ;  7 TU F O _  w  cE5 = K8{ r dX #] X bye@8La Farge1929\` La Vere? Lauber1913WLavender1980VLavender1983ULavender1992 Lawes2000 Lawson1975 Lawson19955 Lemann1992 Lenman2001 Lentz2000  Lewis1979[ Lewis1983 Lewis1983 Lewis1999 Lewis2002 Lewis2003$Limerick2000 Long18222 Long18248 Long19722 Long1978 Lovell18244I Lovell1998 Lowman1998 Luebke1979 Luebke1987 Lumpkin1962} MacKenzie1941 Mallios1998 Malloy1998Marshall1962Marshall1962\ Marston2000 Marszalek1997 Martineau2000 Masur2001 May1999G McCullough1988O McCullough1990+ McCullough1992. McCullough19920 McCullough1992/ McCullough1993, McCullough1994l McCullough2001{ McDermott1998 McDermott2001McDonald2000McFadden1999 McGuinnes1950 McNeil1999* McPherson1988) McPherson1994Merchant1993 Merrell2000 Merritt2000 Merritt2000 Miles1992& Milner1994w Milton1980g Milton2000m Mintz1998K=7Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress)1832Mitchell1981kMitchell1994\Mitchell1996q+ Momaday1992 Morales Prez1998 Morello2001j Morgan1993Morrison2000 Moulton1978[ Moulton1983 Moulton1983 Moulton1985 Moulton1987 Moulton1999 Moulton2000 Moulton2001 Moulton2002 Moulton2003 Moyer2001a Murray2000 Nardo1999Nashe Nash1967r)"Nebraska State Historical Society.2001 Nelson19989d Nevins1949~ Nichols1939 Nichols1980 Nie1998b Niezen2000 Nigel1990 Ninkovich2001/)North Pacific Marine Science Organization2001 Norton2001% Noy1999z Nugent1948g| Nugent1949f Nye1997 O'Connell2001&O'Connor1994 Olexer1982 Onuf2000 Orsi20000J Painter1987 Pasley2001Q Patterson1996 Pauly2000^ Paxson1924 Perdue2001 Philippon1998Phillips1962\Phillips1998Phillips1998c Postel1992f Potter20011 Prats1998 Preston2001 Rajtar1999 Ratcliffe19989 Redford1988 Remini2001 Resch1999 Rhodes1988 Rhodes1992 Rhodes1996Richards2000 Rickey1963 Riegel1949c Robarge2000r Roberts2000 Rogin1975  Ronda1994 Ronda1997 Ronning2001 Rosenzweig1983 Ross1985~ Roth2001 Rozum2001 Rozwenc1963 Rudner2001 Ruffin2000G Sandlin1988 Sandoz1964& Sandweiss1994 Sassi2001 Say1822 Say1824 Say1972 Schantz2000! Scharff2002 Schenck1999 Schlissel1992Schubert1993Schulten2001 Schwartzman1998 Schweinitz1824 Sellers1950 Serber1992 Shapiro1990 Sheehan1973 Siemers1998s Slifer2000M Smith1832h Smith1950 Smith1996 Smith1999 Sobel2000 Sommer2000 Spence19700 Sproul2001 Starr2000 Starr2001g Stegner1954+ Stekler1992 Storey1996 Sumner1899 Tate1999 Taylor1949}!The Corcoran Gallery of Art2001 ThernstromThompson1962 Thoreau1980n TomkinTranchin1998|Troccoli2000 Troup1962 Truttman1999a Turner1906f Turner1962 Turner1963l Turner1992! Turner1996 Twist1964N)#Union and State Rights Party (U.S.)1832' University of Nebraska--Lincoln.1975[GAUniversity of Nebraska--Lincoln. Center for Great Plains Studies.1983GAUniversity of Nebraska--Lincoln. Center for Great Plains Studies.1983GAUniversity of Nebraska--Lincoln. Center for Great Plains Studies.1987GAUniversity of Nebraska--Lincoln. Center for Great Plains Studies.1999GAUniversity of Nebraska--Lincoln. Center for Great Plains Studies.2002v Utley1973Y Utley1994I Uys1998  VanBurkleo2001 Waitley1998Walcheck2000Walcheck2002 Waldman1995i Walker Wallace1993R Wallace1999 Wallace2000 Walters2000O Ward19900: Ward1996E Ward1997 Waters1998 Webb19646 Weber1999 Weidlinger1986n+ Welch1992` Wellington Wexler1995 White1991 White1998Whitmore19866 Wilkins1997 Wilkins1999MC=William S. Reynolds Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress)1832NC=William S. Reynolds Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress)1832Williams19922Williams19999Williams2001{ Willingham1970\ Wilmerding1990{  Wilton2002 Wood1966 Wooster1988 Wooster1993 Worster1985 Worster1992 Worster1993 Worster1994 Worster2000Z Yergin1990 Young2000 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997ung2000 Zeller199700 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller199700 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller1997 Zeller19971996 Twist1964N)#Union and State Rights Party (U.S.)1832[GAUniversity of Nebraska--Lincoln. Center for Great Plains Studies.1983v Utley1973Y Utley1994I Uys1998VanDoren2001 Waitley1998  Wald20018 Wald2001i Walker Wallace1993R Wallace1999 Walters2000O Ward19900: Ward1996E Ward1997Ward? Waters1998 Webb19646 Weber1999+ Welch1992` Wellington White1991 White1998MC=William S. Reynolds Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress)1832NC=William S. Reynolds Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress)1832Williams19999Williams2001Williams2001{ Willingham1970\ Wilmerding1990{s WisterZ Yergin1990`kv5Xa1?Z;f$>46p"|3iCeW m-0&T]ch7G@Srs9)V^#AQ+jtNbgo2[ELP'\KMI!F(R=%} Authors D, Journalsr Keywords xw Newspaper,, Cities..J                              #  Aaseng, Nathan Abbey, EdwardAbrash, BarbaraAckerman, BruceAdelson, Roger Ades, LisaAlbright, Horace M.Allen, John Logan Allen, MikeAlvarez, LizetteAmbrose, Stephen E.$American Philosophical Society.Anderson, FredAndrews, Edmund L.Annerino, JohnArnold, Philip P.Associated PressAssociated Press,Babington, CharlesBailyn, BernardBain, David Howard Baker, EllenBaker, Emerson W.Bakken, Gordon Morris Balz, Dan Balzar, JohnBanerjee, NeelaBarnard, Susan K. Barnes, IanBarney, William L.Barringer, Mark Bauman, JoeBeck, Warren A.Bedell, Rebecca Behr, PeterBell, Whitfield J.Bellah, James WarnerBellesiles, Michael A.Benson, Keith R.Bergantino, Robert N.Berke, Richard L.Bieder, Robert E.Bingham, George CalebBishop, M. Guy Black, BrianBlake, MichaelBlouet, Brian W.Boag, Peter G.Booth, WilliamBovee, KristenBowers, William Boyer, Paul SBradsher, Keith Bragg, Rick Braun, Molly Breen, T. H.Bressler, Ann LeeBrinkley, DavidBrooks, James F.Brooks, Nancy RiveraBrown, DeNeen L.Brown, Guy StoryBrckner, MartinBumsted, J. M. Burns, Ken Burns, RicBushBush, Alfred L.Calhoun, James EdwardCallicott, J. BairdCarmean, KelliCarrington, HenryCarter, Edward C., II Carter, JimmyChang, KennethChittenden, Hiram Martin Chowder, KenClaiborne, William Clark, LeslieClark, WilliamClarren, RebeccaClerici, NailaColhoun, James EdwardColley, Rae Marie CarltonCommager, Henry SteeleCooper, Merian C.0*Copyright Collection (Library of Congress)Costner, KevinCoullet, RhondaCountryman, EdwardCoward, John M. Cowen, DavidCowen, David JackCraib, RaymondCrockett, DavidCronon, William Cronyn, HumeCumming, AlfredCunningham, Noble E., Jr.Custer, ElizabethCuster, George ArmstrongCutright, Paul Russell Dao, JamesDavid Ogden Stierss Davidson, LeeDavis, David Brion Davis, GrayDavis, Nancy M. Davis, Ossie Davis, TonyDeloria, Vine, Jr.DeStefanis, AnthonyDeVoto, BernardDeWolfe, BarbaraDeYoung, KarenDillon, LucindaDimond, Vernon ScottDionne, E.J., Jr.Divine, Robert A. Dowd, MaureenDuncan, DaytonDunlay, Thomas W. Editorial$Editors, Paul Barnes Erik Ewers Egan, Timothy Egnal, MarkElkins, Kenneth R.Elliott, Mark C. Ellis, J. C.Ellis, Joseph J. Else, JonEngel, LeonardEngeman, Thomas S.Espinosa, Paul et al.Fabel, Robin F.A.83Faculty of Political Science of Columbia UniversityFarrington, BrendaFeller, Daniel Filler, LouisFischer, David Hackett Flannery, Tim Flores, Dan Fogel, Robert Foner, Eric Foos, Paul Ford, John Foreman, CarlFoster, Thomas F.Fountain, John W.Fowler, Don D.Francaviglia, RichardFremont, John CharlesFredrickson, George M.Frelinghuysen, TheodoreFriedman, Thomas L.Fuller, SamuelFunkhouser, Erica Galn, Hector Garey, DianeGarland, HamlinGaul, Theresa Strouth Gerth, JeffGibbons, Loren M.Gilman, Carolyn Gitlin, JayGoetzmann, William H.Goetzmann, William N.Goldbeck, WillisGoldstein, AmyGomez, Edward M.Goodman, George J.Gordon, Michael R.Graymont, BarbaraGreen, Michael D.Greenhouse, StevenGreifenstein, CharlesGroseclose, Barbara Grubin, DavidGugliotta, GuyGuthrie, A.B., Jr.Guttmann, Allen  : abolition85Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Catalogs.Adams, John, 1735-1826.Y0,Agriculture Great Plains History Congresses.agriculture, farmingagriculture, ranching,&Alaska Discovery and exploration Maps.y M$!Alaska Discovery and exploration.$!Alaska Historical geography Maps.4/Albemarle County (Va.) Social life and customs.ryalcohol, prohibitionalcohol, saloons alcohol, temperance movement84American fiction 20th century History and criticism. American Revolutionary WarSZAntiquities Act-EHCArch dams West (U.S.) Design and construction History 20th century.41Arkansas River Discovery and exploration Fiction.artghart, American Westart, Hudson River Schoolart, landscapever$ Artists United States Biography. Arts, American 19th century. Arts, American 20th century.Bell, Whitfield J.Sta$ Bingham, George Caleb, 1811-1879blacks, civil rightsblacks, colonizationblacks, employmenttsdblacks, segregationsblacks, sharecroppingblacks, slaveryblacks, southern diasporablacks, voting rightsBleeding Kansasll(#borderlands, Arizona and New Mexicoborderlands, Californiaborderlands, Mexicoborderlands, Texas Botany West (U.S.) History.(1($Bush, George W., presidency (2001- )$!Cabrillo, Juan Rodrgues, d. 1543Calhoun, John C.i California Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919. cartography($Cartography Great Plains Congresses.Cass, Lewis, 1782-1866.Y$!Cheney, Richard (Dick), 1940(?)-.$!Cherokee Indians History Sources.Cherokee Indians History.84Cherokee Indians Kings and rulers Biography Sources.r0,Cherokee Indians Kings and rulers Biography.,&Chicago (Ill.) Description and travel.($Chicago (Ill.) Historical geography.i($Chippewa Indians. [from old catalog]o4/Church of Jesus Christ, Latter-day Saints (LDS),)Civilization, Modern European influences.Clark, William, 1770-1838("Clark, William, 1770-1838 Diaries.es. Clark, William, 1770-1838.09.class0+Clinton, William J., presidency (1993-2001) Coffee, John Cold War, biological weapons(Cold War, containment$Cold War, nuclear proliferation$!Cold War, nuclear weapons testingCold War, red scaresocolor-conciousness<8Colorado River (Colo.-Mexico) Discovery and exploration.Colorado River systemColumbia River Maps.dColumbia River system communism<8Conservation of natural resources United States History.,)Conservationists United States Biography. conservatism, New, Cold Warti$ conservatism, New, family values0+conservatism, New, G.W. Bush administrationnconservatism, western consumerismm,,)Coronado, Francisco Vsques de, 1510-1554 cowboysArCowboys in art.St Crazy Horse, ca. 1842-1877.83Crdit Mobilieroncrime($Custer, George Armstrong, 1839-1876.("Dakota Indians. [from old catalog]froDaley, Richardmee dams, Hetch Hetchy -- Merced0*dams, Two Forks (proposed) -- South Platte Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889. Day, AnzaDebo, Angie, 1890-Dodge, Grenville Durant, Thomas Clark Dust BowlEastwood, John S. Eaton Affiari editorial education(%Educational/cultural films and video.@;El Paso County (Colo.) History Addresses, essays, lectures.("energy, alternative energy sources )energy, conservation energy, crisis - CaliforniaZenergy, nuclear- energy, policyvatenergy, utilities,(environment, anti-environmental reaction$environment, biological weapons environment, Clean Air Acty ($environment, consensus buildingenvironment, desertsi$environment, endangered species$ environment, forest conservation$!environment, forests and forestry environment, global warmingZ,(environment, impacts of human settlementaenvironment, naturalists$ environment, nature conservationenvironment, pollutionYenvironment, radiationte("environment, resource conservation ) environment, roadless areasreenvironment, sprawlenvironment, toxic wasteenvironment, water policy K"}K3&hm|h!X?sbA7 AAmT-TTC}pp3kgm!|Cg}  r3}X["1!%p|||mAb b7#|!?K?b4m-f4[)K@$"1Z#"Vkf}}%![727$b!|+r"7[m1 }"&#(k$k0|[!A $ American Historical Review AHR American Quarterly41Annals of the Association of American GeographersChronicles of OklahomaFilm and Historyw Georgia Historical Quarterly Heritage of the Great PlainsHigh Country News Indiana Magazine of History Journal of Economic HistoryJournal of Film and Video0+Journal of the American Academy of Religionw Journal of the Early Republic$ Journal of the Indian Wars JIW Journal of the West MontanaNew York HistorywNew York Times Pennsylvania History$ Rivista di Studi Anglo-americani Southern California Quarterly Studies in American Culture,)Studies in American Political Development$Tennessee Historical Quarterly(%The Journal of American History JAH Utah Historical QuarterlyWashington Post We Proceeded Onw Western Historical Quarterly William and Mary Quarterlyj^J_Hibbard, Benjamin H. 1924*#History of the Public Land Policies7333.1 H52H 1924dpublic lands internal improvements environment, forests and forestry Frontier homesteading Native Americans, treaties railroads Hickey, Don 1990,%The War of 1812: A Forgotten ConflictnHoffer, Peter Charles 20006/The Brave New World: A History of Early Americar Boston Houghton Mifflin 0669394769Honker, Andrew M.t 1999f_"Been Grazed Almost to Extinction": The Environment, Human Action, and Utah Flooding, 1900-1940 Utah Historical Quarterly967 Winter 23-47 Winter 1999 (""Been Grazed Almost to Extinction"Hopkins, George W. 1998d4Constructing the New Mythic West: Dances with Wolves " "Studies in American Culturet21Octobern 71-83 October 1998 & Constructing the New Mythic WestHorgan, Paul Twist, John 1964A Distant Trumpetb  Walsh, RaoulWright, William H. westerns, film\A western melodrama about an idealistic young cavalry lieutenant from West Point, who is sent to a distant Arizona outpost to fight the Chiricahuas. Filmed in the Red Rocks area of New Mexico and the Painted Desert of Arizona.Q2J~ Onuf, Peter S. 2000>7Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhoodn &Lewis, Jan Ellen Onuf, Peter S.iJeffersonian America Charlottesvilleu "University Press of Virigina 250 0-8139-1930-4E332.2.058 2000Painter, Nell Irvin 1987:4Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1919 New York  W.W. Norton 402 Standing at Armageddon 0393024059E661 .P33 1987communism money, federal banks money, gold standard money, reform labor, anarchism labor, Bolshevism labor, Homestead strike labor, legal labor, organization labor, socialists and communists labor, strikes blacks, civil rights blacks, employment blacks, voting rights nativism Reconstruction welfare, federal welfare, private welfare, state women, domestic life women, employment women, reformers women, voting rights World War IPasley, Jeffrey L. 2001PJThe Tyranny of Printers: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic The Tyranny of PrinterslPatterson, James T.t 199660Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 Woodward, C. VannB.'The Oxford History of the United Statesr Oxford Oxford University Press10 10?r 829 Grand Expectations 0-19-507680-XE173.094 vol. 10 [E741] t/T]gK b Foreman, Carl 1952 High Noon Zinnemann, Fredwesterns, film outlawsPJFoster, Thomas F. Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress), 1832Speech of Thomas F. Foster of Georgia on a memorial and certain resolutions therewith submitted, relative to the missionaries (Worcester and Butler), who are imprisoned under a judgment of a state court in Georgia : delivered in the House of Representatives, U.S., June 11, 1832  Washington  Duff Green16 AC901 .M5 vol. 1007, no. 9`ZNative Americans, tribes - Cherokee federalism Georgia State's rights Worcester v. GeorgiaFountain, John W. 2001NGA Farm Town in Nebraska Is Lamenting the Loss of Its Only Grocery Store\New York Times New York14# Front Page New Englandl 20 Mayrural America, MidwestFowler, Don D. 2000b[A Laboratory for Anthropology: Science and Romanticism in the American Southwest, 1846-1930i  Albuquerquee $University of New Mexico Press $A Laboratory for Anthropologye 0826320368Francaviglia, Richardy 1999LEWalt Disney's Frontierland as an Allegorical Map of the American Westi"Western Historical Quarterly30 Summer 155-820252000862 (v. 1)F592 .F852 917.3/00924.(The expeditions of John Charles Fremont Urbana,n "University of Illinois Press 1970v. <1-3 > in <4 > ~xEdited by Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence. illus., 2 fold. maps, ports. 25 cm. The map portfolio contains a 16 page commentary by D. Jackson and 5 maps of the Fremont expeditions, map 4 being in 7 sections. v. 1. Travels from 1838 to 1844.--v. 2. The Bear Flag revolt and the court-martial.--v. 2. suppl. Proceedings of the court-martial.--v. 3. Travels from 1848 to 1854.tmFremont, John Charles, 1813-1890. West (U.S.) Discovery and exploration. West (U.S.) Description and travel..B7Cartographic Narratives in the History of North America Boston <5American Historical Association, 115th Annual MeetingJanuary 5, 2001 Literacy for Empirejdcartography education nation-building Frontier internal migration manifest destiny western expansion Brckner argues that because geography was placed in the curriculum of early nineteenth century primary education, children of this period grew up as young imperialists. Brckner finds the synthesis of this argument in an 1820s British review, which found that by putting maps in students' hands, they were fostering a taste for expansion. This popular craving, they asserted, led to the will to territorialize. Brckner examined primers (both geographical and general) and pedagogical sources from the period to determine that this was very liekly the case. Moreover, he discovered that general literacy instruction frequently included geography lessons which could inspire a "beligerent territoriality"--of an intellectual rather than actual variety. Students typically learned about the larger territoriality of the "American continent" before regional placenames. Geographic instruction was, thus, a crucial part in the formation of national cohesion and the shared belief in a manifest destiny to expend the borders.The commenter, Matthew Edney of the University of Southern Maine, wonders what the differences in expansionist feeling might have been for students who went to different schools in different regions or who had different educations.'University of DelawareBumsted, J. M. 1998(!A History of the Canadian Peoplest Don Mills, Ontario Oxford University Pressy 470i 0-19-541200-1o$6/Abridged ed. of: The Peoples of Canada (2 vols) BZL XP ^{2XWilliams, Florence 2001 Plains SenseHigh Country News0  Paonia, CO 1,8-11 15 JanuaryIntermountain West environment, nature conservation agriculture, farming agriculture, ranching Frontier homesteading internal migration manifest destiny western expansion.'Explores the depopulation of the Great Plains and the changing attitudes toward the "Buffalo Commons" as proposed by Frank and Deborah Popper. Williams notes that the depopulation of the Plains and the re-emergence of a frontier in the interior of the nation is "Manifest Destiny in reverse. . . . The frontier is not only surviving, it is also expanding at rates unprecedented since the Dust Bowl. If Turner though taming the frontier helped define American values and character, what does it say about us that we have failed? Did Western communities ever really exist as separate and insulated from urban markets and corporate or federal capital?" The Poppers assert that the only way to retain any sustainable population in the arid Plains is to cultivate its primitive, ruggededness, namely buffalo.|Willingham, Calder 1970Little Big Man  Penn, ArthurMillar, Stuartjdwesterns, film Indian Wars, Western Indian Wars, Little Bighorn Custer, George Armstrong, 1839-1876.jcJack Crabb is 121 years old. And he's done it all. He's been a full-fledged Cheyenne, an Indian fighter, a snake oil merchant, master gunman, drinking buddy of Wild Bill Hickok, colleague of Buffalo Bill, and is the only survivor of Custer's Last Stand. Crabb is either the Old West's most neglected hero or the biggest liar ever to cross the Mississippi.w 2002 0691096708Wilton, AndrewNGAmerican sublime : landscape painting in the united states, 1820 - 1880s 1st  Princeton, NJi Princeton University Press(!Andrew Wilton, Tim Barringer. cm.rzshttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/prin031/2001098792.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/prin022/2001098792.htmll 1966UG128.L6 W6 620.00924 BWood, Richard G.JCStephen Harriman Long, 1784-1864: army engineer, explorer, inventorM Glendale, Calif., A.H. Clark Co. 292LF?by Richard G. Wood. illus., maps (1 fold.) plans, ports. 25 cm.I"Frontier military series, 6 ("Long, Stephen Harriman, 1784-1864.Wooster, RobertP 1988:4The Military & United States Indian Policy 1865-1903 Lincoln and London "University of Nebraska PressWooster, Robertl 199382Nelson A. Miles: The Twilight of the Frontier Army Lincoln and London "University of Nebraska Press 1985 039451680X&HC107.A17 W67 1985 333.91/00978eWorster, Donald LFRivers of empire : water, aridity, and the growth of the American West 1sty New York Pantheon Books x, 402,&Donald Worster. 24 cm. Includes index.West (U.S.) Economic conditions. Water resources development West (U.S.) History. Water-supply West (U.S.) History. Hydrology West (U.S.) West (U.S.) History. 1992"0195058208 (acid-free paper)F591 .W875 1992 978.Worster, Donald D=Under western skies : nature and history in the American West: New York ; Oxfords Oxford University Presstix, 292.Donald Worster. 25 cm.VOWest (U.S.) Civilization. Human ecology West (U.S.) Human geography West (U.S.)  1993 0195076249"GF503 .W68 1993 304.2/8/0973Worster, DonaldCRKThe wealth of nature : environmental history and the ecological imagination New York Oxford University Presso x, 255xrDonald Worster. 24 cm. Book of essays which previously appeared in various journals or books or given as lectures.VPHuman ecology United States History. Landscape assessment United States History. 1994"0826314813 0826314821 (pbk.)F591 .W876 1994 978Worster, DonaldoF?An unsettled country : changing landscapes of the American Westt 1sto  Albuquerques $University of New Mexico Pressxii, 151Donald Worster. 24 cm.<6Calvin P. Horn lectures in Western history and cultureLandscape West (U.S.) History. Human beings Effect of environment on West (U.S.) History. Nature Effect of human beings on West (U.S.) History. West (U.S.) History. West (U.S.) Geography.n 20000195099915 (alk. paper)&F788.P88 W67 2001 333.7/2/092 BWorster, Donaldh<5A river running west : the life of John Wesley Powell Oxford ; New Yorke Oxford University Press  xiii, 673s*#Donald Worster. ill., maps ; 24 cm.MPowell, John Wesley, 1834-1902. Explorers United States Biography. Conservationists United States Biography. Colorado River (Colo.-Mexico) Discovery and exploration. Grand Canyon (Ariz.) Discovery and exploration. West (U.S.) Discovery and exploration.81http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy022/00032623.html.Yergin, Daniel 1990:3The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power New York  Touchstone 885c  The Prizec 0-671-79932-0tHD9560.6.Y47 1990r Young, Marye 2000,%Indian Policy in the Age of Jeffersons$Journal of the Early Republick202  297a Summer>7Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826. Native Americans, removalwZeller, Suzannet 1997d^Nature's Gullivers and Crusoes: The Scientific Exploration of British North America, 1800-1870 Allen, John Loganl North American exploration Lincoln "University of Nebraska Press3} 3190-243 Gullivers and Crusoes1E45.N67 1997 v.3 x$:(#Natural history Northwest, Pacific..)0*Nature conservation United States History.LGNature Effect of human beings on Illinois Chicago History 19th century.85Nature Effect of human beings on New England History.85Nature Effect of human beings on West (U.S.) History. New Dealp83New England History Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775.y.New Western history0-North America Discovery and exploration Maps.,(North America Discovery and exploration.83North Pacific Ocean Discovery and exploration Maps.4.North Pacific Ocean Historical geography Maps.MapNorth Pacific Ocean Maps. Northeast, Social ConditionsD>Northwest, Canadian Discovery and exploration Pictorial works.4.Northwest, Canadian Discovery and exploration.,&Northwest, Old Description and travel.el.<9Northwest, Old Description and travel. [from old catalog]82Northwest, Pacific Discovery and exploration Maps.0-Northwest, Pacific Discovery and exploration.0-Northwest, Pacific Historical geography Maps.Northwestern States Maps.nuclear missile defenseYnuclear weaponsNullification Crisis("Ohio River Description and travel.s, (%Ohio River Discovery and exploration.Okies Oklahomae outlawsWaoverland trails, Bozeman overland trails, California overland trails, Donner Partyoverland trails, Mormonoverland trails, Oregonoverland trails, Sante Fe Pennsylvaniac Pershing, John J. 1860-1948. petroglyphsic photography(#Physicians United States Biography.s.Pike, Zebulon, 1779-1813. Pinchot, Gifford, 1865-1946.(%Plant collecting West (U.S.) History.D?Plantation life Virginia Albemarle County History 18th century.e @;Plants Type specimens Catalogs and collections England Kew. PLIPlants Type specimens Catalogs and collections Pennsylvania Philadelphia.politics, partisanpolitics, sectional popular culture, magazinesvalpopular culture, moviesnepoverty, blacksiopoverty, ghettosopoverty, ruralpoverty, war onsopoverty, western$Powell, John Wesley, 1834-1902.primary sources 19982 $War Fighters and Peace keepers Colley, Rae Marie Carltonn 1998f`Domesticating the Frontier: Representations of Native Americans in U.S. Women's Prose, 1820-1885 Emory University'Order No. DA9901845*$Commager, Henry Steele Nevins, Allan 1949Heritage of American 1227 Rev. and enl.r Countryman, Edward 199982What Did the Constitution Mean to Early Americans? Boston Bedford/St. Martin's 169 0-312-18262-7Coward, John M. 1999B;The Newspaper Indian: Native American Identity in the Press Urbana "University of Illinois Press 244a The Newspaper Indian070.449 C83N 1999xNative Americans, popular views of Native Americans, relations with whites Native Americans, removal manifest destiny Frontier Indian Wars, Sand Creek massacre Indian Wars, Fetterman Fight Sitting Bull, 1834?-1890.\VAn interesting investigation of how native americans have been presented in the press. X$:LJD  Indian Removal Africans in America 2000July 18, WWWNative Americans, tribes - Cherokee Native Americans, tribes - Five Civilized Tribes Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845. Native Americans, removal Native Americans, relations with whites U.S. Congress, debatesrTM"Resource Bank" article providing an overview of Indian removal in the South.A good overview.4-http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.htmlo 1830Indian Removal ActApril 23, 1830VONative Americans, removal Native Americans, treaties U.S. Congress, legislation"On February 24, 1830, a removal bill was reported out from the House Committee on Indian Affairs (John Bell of Tennessee, chairman). The same bill was also introduced into the Senate by its Indian Committee (also chaired by a Jacskon man from Tennessee). The text of the bill...was briefer than the President's message recommending it. In eight sections, it authorized the President to set aside an Indian territory on public lands west of the Mississippi; to exchange districts there for land now occupied by Indians in the East; to grant the triebes absolute ownership of their new homes 'forever'; to treat with tribes for the rearrangement of boundaries in order to effect the removal; to ensure that property left behind by emigrating Indians be properly appraised and fair compensation be paid; to give the emigrants 'aid and assistance' on their journey and for the first year after their arrival in the their new country; to protect the emigrants from hostile Indians in the West and from any other intruders; to continue the 'superintendence' now exercised over the Indians by the Trade and Intecourse Laws. And to carry out these responsibilities, the Congress appropriated the sum (soon to prove woefully inadequate) of $500,000." In Anthony F.C. Wallace, "The Long, Bitter Trail.":4http://hcl.chas.ncsu.edu/garson/dye/docs/removal.htm 1831*#Cherokee Nation v. State of GeorgialUS U.S. Supreme Court301l Cherokee NationhNative Americans, tribes - Cherokee Georgia Native Americans, legal status Native Americans, treaties State's rights U.S. Supreme Court, opinions0*A suit to prevent Georgia from extending state law over the Cherokee lands within its borders. In the majority opinion Justice Marshall declared Indian tribes in the US to be "domestic dependent nations" that do not have true sovereignty. Lacking sovereign nation status, the Court did not have original jurisdiction for this case and the Cherokee case was dismissed. Justice Thompson dissented, saying that the Cherokee have always been treated by the federal government as independent nations, so their case had merit and the Court had jurisdiction. 1831Register of Debates  Washington Gales & Seaton 1832$Worcester v. State of GeorgiaUS  Supreme Courtb31 515  WorcesterNative Americans, tribes - Cherokee Georgia Native Americans, legal status Native Americans, treaties State's rights U.S. Supreme Court, opinions Worcester v. GeorgiaWorcester, a missionary to the Cherokee Nation in Georgia, sued on a writ of error, claiming that the Georgia law which had convicted him was unconstitutional. The law forbade white settlement on Cherokee lands unless the individual swore loyalty to Georgia. Georgia claimed its state law extended onto Cherokee territory. The denial of this claim was the basis of Worcester's case. Writing for the majority, Justice Marshall said that Georgia had no legal basis for extending its laws on Indian nations, an act which was counter to the Intercourse Act of 1802. Since only Congress had the power to regulate commerce with Indians, the Georgia law was unconstitutional and void. 1950 Broken Arrowlfwesterns, film Indian Wars, Western Native Americans, treaties Native Americans, relations with whites 1956Run of the ArrowFuller, Samuel westerns, filmn 1960Sergeant Rutledgeo westerns, film 1962<6Land Policies and the Georgia Law of December 19, 1829  Filler, LouisPJThe Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? Lexington, Mass. D.C. Heath and Company 18-215Native Americans, tribes - Cherokee Frontier Georgia Native Americans, legal status Native Americans, removal State's rights Worcester v. Georgia  1970A Man Called Horse 1982,&Exploring the American West, 1803-1879National Park Handbooks{  Washington &U.S. Government Printing Officel 116r 128eF592.E96environment, naturalists exploration, early American exploration, fur trade exploration, government surveys exploration, military exploration, railroad surveys Lewis and Clark expedition National Parks, guidebooks photography railroads Frmont, John C. Pike, Zebulon, 1779-1813.Td(S ktz $Filler, Louis Guttmann, Allenv 1962PJThe Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? Taylor, George Rogers(!Problems in American Civilization Lexington, Mass. D.C. Heath and Company 113 $Removal of the Cherokee Nation 970.5 F48RNative Americans, tribes - Cherokee Frontier Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845. Native Americans, legal status Native Americans, relations with whites Native Americans, removal Native Americans, treaties Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1861-1932.VOPrimary sources and commentary on Indian removal in the Jackson administration.,&Fischer, David Hackett Kelly, James C. 20004.Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement Charlottesville "University Press of Virginia 366  Bound Away 0-813-91773-5r Flannery, Tim2000 (?)RLThe Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples New York Atlantic Monthly Press 404 The Eternal Frontier Flores, Dan 2000tnA Very Different Story: Exploring the Southwest from Monticello with the Freeman and Custis Expedition of 1806Montanan50 Spring 2-17 Spring 2000 A Very Different Story" exploration, early American Foner, Ericd 198360Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy>7The Walter Lynwood Fleming Lectures in Southern Historyh  Baton Rouge6 & Louisiana State University Press 142 Nothing But Freedom 0-8071-1189-9HT1031.F66 1983:4 blacks, slavery blacks, civil rights Reconstruction"Nothing But Freedom" probes the aftermatch of emancipation in the South, the restructuring of society by which the former slaves gained, beyond their freedom, a new relation to the land they worked on, to the men they worked for, and to the government they lived under. Taking a comparative approach, Eric Foner examines Reconstruction in the souther states against the experience of Haiti, where a violent slave revolt was followed by the imposition of a system of forced labor; in the British Caribbean, where the colonial government oversaw a rapid transition from slavery to the creation of an almost totally dependent, powerless work force; and in early twentieth-century southern and eastern Afreica, where a self-sufficient peasantry was dispossessed in order to create a dependent black work force. Many scholars, Foner finds, have lost sight of the essential radicalism of Reconstruction. Measuring the progress of freedmen in the post-Civil War South against that of freedmen in other recently emancipated societies, "Nothing But Freedom" reveals Reconstruction to have been, despite its failings, a unique and dramatic exerpeiment in interracial democracy in the aftermath of slavery. Foner, Eric 19902,A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877 New York  Harper & Row 297 &Short History of Reconstruction 0-06-096431-6lE668.F662 1990tmblacks, civil rights blacks, colonization blacks, slavery blacks, voting rights Reconstruction U.S. Civil WaraZTAn abridged version of _Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1866_. Foner, Ericd 1995`ZFree Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War New York Oxford University Presse 3532 2nd7 &Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men 0-19-509981-8$ 1970 E436.F6 1995PI abolition blacks, colonization blacks, slavery nativism Republican Partyc Huston, James H. 2000F?Religion and the New Republic: Faith in the Founding of Americat Lanham, Md., and Oxfordo .'Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.n 213l $Religion and the New Republic 0-8476-9433-XH-NET BOOK REVIEW Published by H-SHEAR@h-net.msu.edu (September, 2001) James H. Hutson, ed. _Religion and the New Republic: Faith in the Founding of America_. Lanham, Md., and Oxford, England: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000. viii + 213 pp. Tables, notes and index. $70.00 (cloth), ISBN 0-8476-9433-X; $22.95 (paper), ISBN 0-8476-9434-8. Reviewed for H-SHEAR by William Breitenbach , Department of History, University of Puget Sound Wall Papers "I reapproached the wall. I replied to the yells of him who clamored. I re-echoed--I aided--I surpassed them in volume and in strength. I did this, and the clamorer grew still." (Edgar Allan Poe, "The Cask of Amontillado") Many Americans who debate the implications or applications of Thomas Jefferson's dictum about a "wall of separation between Church & State" take up the task in the spirit of Poe's narrator, Montresor. If only I shout loudly enough, they think, I'll silence my opponents, and we can proceed promptly to the story's proper conclusion: "_In pace requiescat!_" Recently, I discovered this truth anew and found myself almost wishing for Fortunato's fate. I was at home awaiting the blinds repairman. When he arrived (an hour late), he was naturally curious about how I could manage to be idling away my time in the middle of the workday. "If you don't mind my asking, what do you do for a living?" "History professor," I replied. After the customary declaration of a deep love for reading history (How come such people never appear in my classes!?), he quizzed me thoroughly enough to find out that I was reviewing this book. Oh boy! Before I could say "antidisestablishmentarianism," I was hearing about the nefarious plot by the ACLU and its minions, the Supreme Court, to sweep aside the will of the democratic majority, make "our" religion illegal, and promote the preachings of rock stars who exhort their disciples to rape and murder their mothers. Jeez, I might not be qualified for my job, but he certainly was in the right profession. Given the tone of that discussion, I was delighted to read this refreshing comment by Jon Butler in the essay that concludes this volume: "Let's be blunt. It is no longer possible for historians generally, or for _a_ historian--_this_ historian--to pretend that any judgment about this question is merely an exercise of abstract scholarship...Only by acknowledging the sheer partisanship that now invades these matters can we go back to the eighteenth century with any sense of honesty. Perhaps, we ought to return to it with relief" (pp. 188-89). For the most part, it is indeed a relief to follow this book's seven essayists back in time as they attempt to puzzle out what it was that eighteenth-century Americans thought about religion and government. Not surprisingly, what the essayists have found in the past varies, for, as editor James H. Hutson admits, when the Library of Congress sponsors a symposium on "Religion and the Founding of the American Republic," as it did in June 1998, it must take pains "to ensure that a variety of views are represented" (p. vii). (With one exception, the essays in this book are revisions of papers delivered at that symposium.) As Butler's remark implies, the journey into the past comes with a round-trip ticket. Each of these essayists wants to suggest--some more strongly than others--that what revolutionary Americans thought and did has some relevance to current debates about religion and the republic. The best of the essays, however, return to the present with a complex sense of historical context, a sense which, if widely shared, would hush those clamorous partisans who delight in yelling at one another across the wall. I'll take the essays up in the order of their appearance. [snip] :0?0*Long, Stephen Harriman, 1784-1864 Diaries.("Long, Stephen Harriman, 1784-1864..)($Mackenzie, Alexander, Sir, 1763-1820C(%Mackenzie, Alexander, Sir, 1763-1820.Magnet, Myron, 1944(?)- Bmanifest destiny83Manitoba Description and travel. [from old catalog]]aMarshall, John Marshall, Robert, 1901-1939. Masculinity in literature.tur("Masculinity United States History.oryMcKenney, ThomasrMen in literature.ureMen in motion pictures.reMexican-American War Middle West Surveys History.. mineral extraction, hard rock mineral extraction, petroleum mineral extraction, uraniumck$!Minnesota Description and travel.84Minnesota Description and travel. [from old catalog]a(#Minnesota River. [from old catalog]fr missionaries,)Mississippi River Description and travel.,)Missouri River Discovery and exploration.Missouri River Maps.dmoney, bank failuremoney, deficit spendingmoney, federal banksmoney, gold standard money, reformMonticello (Va.)s0*Motion pictures and literature West (U.S.)criMoynihan, Daniel Patrick-Muir, John, 1838-1914.Ymyth of the Westcnation-buildingNational Parksild National Parks, guidebooksrs Native Americans, archeologytNative Americans, art Native Americans, as "other" $Native Americans, assimilationNative Americans, economy Native Americans, encounters Native Americans, ethnography Native Americans, ghost dance$Native Americans, legal status(#Native Americans, noble savage myth$!Native Americans, paternalization("Native Americans, popular views of0+Native Americans, radioactive waste storage,'Native Americans, relations with whitesNative Americans, removal($Native Americans, reservation systemt Native Americans, treaties(#Native Americans, tribes - Cherokee40Native Americans, tribes - Five Civilized Tribes,&Native Americans, tribes - Utah region| nativismv0,Natural history Addresses, essays, lectures. Natural history Great Plains.@:Natural history Massachusetts Addresses, essays, lectures.m-A"Mintz, Stephen Pianin, Erico 2001$Symbol of a Shift at InteriorgWashington Postn Washington, DC A21 16 MayMitchell, Alison 2001(!Democrats See Gold in EnvironmentlNew York Times New York Web Editioni22 AprilMitchell, Alison 2001@9Musical Chairs: Democrats Take Their Turn in the Hot Seat8New York Times New York 1,4#Week In Review New England 27 May:3U.S. Congress, 107th (2001-2003) politics, partisanMorales Prez, Donajf, 1998`YProyectos separtistas en los Estados Unidoes de Amrica. El caso de Aaron Burr, 1804-1807r  Mexico City .'Universidad Nacional Autnoma de MxicorLemann, Nicholas 1992NGThe Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed American New York  Vintage Books\ 408s The Promised Lande 0-679-73347-7 E185.6.L36blacks, civil rights blacks, employment blacks, segregation blacks, sharecropping blacks, southern diaspora blacks, voting rights internal migration liberalism poverty, blacks poverty, ghettos poverty, war on U.S. Congress, legislation welfare, federal welfare, private welfare, reform welfare, state Daley, Richard Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 1908-1973 Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick : yenvironment, Wilderness(#Environmental policy United States.Environmentalism.$ Ethnology United States History.oEurope History 1492-iexploration, Canadian exploration, early Americanexploration, fur trade$exploration, government surveysexploration, military exploration, railroad surveysexploration, SpanishExplorers Fiction.s F(%Explorers North America History Maps.,(Explorers Northwest, Canadian Biography.("Explorers United States Biography.$ Explorers United States Diaries.484Explorers West (U.S.) Biography Juvenile literature.e$ Explorers West (U.S.) Biography.4(%Explorers West (U.S.) Correspondence.$Explorers West (U.S.) Diaries.ave Explorers.) Hfamily, childrenwfamily, marriagew federalisms("Fremont, John Charles, 1813-1890.Frmont, John C.g Frontiera,(Frontier and pioneer life United States. (%Frontier and pioneer life West (U.S.) Frontier and pioneer life.8 J fur trade,&Fur trade Northwest, Canadian History.ora40Fur trade West (U.S.) History 19th century Maps.$Fur trade West (U.S.) History.0*Fur traders Northwest, Canadian Biography.<6Fur traders West (U.S.) Biography Juvenile literature.Garrison, William LloydAw GeorgiaeGold Rush, Black Hillst dGold Rush, California4/Grand Canyon (Ariz.) Discovery and exploration.lo0+Grand Staircase-Escalante National MonumentGreat DepressionR(#Great Lakes Description and travel.elGreat Plains Congresses.82Great Plains Discovery and exploration Congresses.$ Great Plains History Congresses. Great Plains Maps Congresses. guide booksicgunsHewes, Leslie.ongHistorical fictions F,'Historical films and video (Nonfiction)($historiography, captivity narratives(#historiography, New Western history2. homesteadingW Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964.@:Human beings Effect of environment on West (U.S.) History.($Human ecology United States History.Human ecology West (U.S.),(Human geography Great Plains Congresses. Human geography West (U.S.)ZHydrology West (U.S.)Indian Wars, Eastern Indian Wars, federal soldiers Indian Wars, Fetterman Fighty Indian Wars, Little Bighorn$ Indian Wars, Sand Creek massacreIndian Wars, Western<7Indians of North America Glossaries, vocabularies, etc.-1DAIndians of North America Languages Glossaries, vocabularies, etc.<6Indians of North America Languages. [from old catalog]]g]85Indians of North America Northwest, Canadian History.,(Indians of North America Public opinion. <9Indians of North America Southern States History Sources.($Indians of North America West (U.S.)Indians of North America.($Intercultural communication History.tIntermountain Westinternal improvementsinternal migrationurv Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845. Jackson, Donald Dean, 1919- tJackson, William HenryYJacksonian democracy4/Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 Books and reading.(ULHJefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 Homes and haunts Virginia Albemarle County.85Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826 Views on the West (U.S.) Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826.$!Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 1908-1973 Kennedy, Edward Moore, 1932-8 Kennedy, John F. 1917-1963 Fa Kennedy, Joseph P. 1888-1969. Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968King Philips WartKing Williams Warlabor, anarchismlabor, and ethnicitylabor, Bolshevismlabor, Homestead strike labor, legallabor, organizationlabor, politics labor, recreation and leisure$ labor, socialists and communistslabor, strikes Land use Middle West History.0+Landscape assessment United States History.$Landscape West (U.S.) History.$Law West (U.S.) Historiography.Leopold, Aldo, 1886-1948. Lewis and Clark expedition,&Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)4/Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) Sources. Lewis, Meriwether, 1774-1809t(%Lewis, Meriwether, 1774-1809 Diaries. Lewis, Meriwether, 1774-1809. liberalismigr Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.$!Long, Stephen Harriman, 1784-1864KK 7C44K5r ?4 ""||||VRp| 5R  Grubin, Davidd 1996D=TR: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt (The American Experience)5 PBS/&Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919.eTheodore Roosevelt was an unpredictable dynamo, "a steamroller in trousers." At the turn of the century, he embodied America. Author, soldier, scientist, outdoorsman, and caring father, he was the youngest man to become president. Expanding the power of the Oval Office, Roosevelt helped create the modern presidency and redefined the course of the nation. But behind all the unbridled confidence and achievement was a man haunted by grief.Guthrie, A.B., Jr. 1953 Shane. Stevens, George0Stevens, George;westerns, filmA stranger seeking refuge in a Wyoming valley helps a homesteader, his family, and his neighbors in their struggle against ruthless cattle ranchers.jJ Morgan, Ted 1993Wilderness at Dawn 970 M82W 1993pmT\4m V7K! 6Kkb TC>v9['GLL!4 !G' F]4IMPQSW=T^a;cEeNoijfg!k0gA++5555hhhhhhhmhrststtK0000f%$Kb7At%r}|A$|7 sfhh7/.Lawes, Carolyn J.e 2000<6Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860  Lexington9 "University Press of Kentucky 265o 0-8131-2131-0f.~.xH-NET BOOK REVIEW Published by H-SHEAR@h-net.msu.edu (January, 2001) Carolyn J. Lawes. _Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860_. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000. x + 265 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $39.95 (cloth), ISBN 0-8131-2131-0. Reviewed for H-SHEAR by Debra Gold Hansen , School of Library and Information Science, San Jose State University Class Dismissed? The Re-Gendering of Separate Spheres In _Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860_ Carolyn J. Lawes reconsiders the theoretical framework of separate spheres to see if this historical construct truly reflects women's lives and work in the antebellum North. In approaching this study that began as a doctoral dissertation at the University of California, Davis, Lawes surmises that the cultural stereotype of the stay-at-home wife fails to recognize women's involvement in public and institutional life and relegates them to the periphery of antebellum political discourse and action. The goal of _Women and Reform_, then, is to locate women's proper place in early American history, which according to Lawes, now assistant professor at Old Dominion University, is "at the center of community life and leadership" (p. 3). _Women and Reform_ is an invigorating contribution to the already substantial historiography on women's social activism pioneered by Mary Ryan, Nancy Hewitt, Suzanne Lebsock, and Lori Ginsberg, to name a prominent few. But whereas these earlier studies emphasize class, Lawes argues that gender played an equally important role in determining the origin, ideology, and goals of women's benevolent and reform activities. As she explains it, both categories of analysis are significant "because, as others have argued, gender differed by class and because, as I hope to illuminate, class differed by gender" (p. 5). To locate women's place in antebellum political culture and civic life, Lawes surveys various women's groups organized in Worcester, Massachusetts, between 1815 and 1860. She does not attempt to connect these associations to suggest a linear progression from church and benevolent work to feminism and political action. Instead, she presents a series of microstudies to suggest how each organization influenced and was influenced by current social, political, and economic issues. "This is not a study of the inevitable march of progress from darkness into the light," she observes, "it is, rather, a story of individuals making their own order out of chaos" (p. 5). Although Lawes eschews an evolutionary interpretation of women's activism, she organizes the book's chapters into decade segments--not to show change over time but to highlight political issues and women's activities characterizing each period. In chapter one, "Keeping the Faith: Women's Leadership in an Orthodox Congregational Church," Lawes uses the controversy that erupted in the early 1820s over the selection of a new minister to explore the extent and character of women's power in antebellum religion. Although tradition, church policy, and legislation prevented women from holding positions of authority in local churches, they developed informal means of influence (i.e., self-determined church affiliation, fund raising, surveillance of fellow church members, etc.) to offset the official power of men. Disestablishment of the Congregational Church further empowered women, as ministers were forced to rely on female volunteer workers to raise funds and advance missionary and charitable projects. In contrast to women's expanding role in antebellum churches, Lawes notes the extent to which men abdicated power by failing to officially join a church, pay taxes, or attend meetings. Thus, women of all classes were able to use their numerical superiority, sense of spiritual equality, and volunteerism to challenge men's dominance and press for a wider sphere of influence. In chapter two, "Missionaries and More: Women, Sewing, and the Antebellum Sewing Circle," Lawes surveys six representative societies to see how women used this traditional domestic task to further integrate themselves into Worcester's civic life. In a very interesting section, Lawes describes how sewing was a "benchmark of womanhood" (p. 47), where even the wealthiest women devoted considerable time to their needlework. And because sewing was a gendered activity, women of all classes and ages eagerly joined sewing circles to support various charitable and social causes. Sewing circles afforded women companionship, structured activity, and a forum for self-improvement. They also functioned like men's political parties and provided a suitable mechanism for women to formally present their points of view on contemporary debates. "Through the sewing circle," writes Lawes, "women laid claim to the right to participate in the political and social development of the community, the nation, and the world" (p. 47). Lawes expands on her thesis that gender served as the primary impetus behind women's reform in chapters three and four. Respectively titled "Maternal Politics: Gender and the Formation of the Worcester Children's Friend Society" and "Rachel Weeping for Her Children: Mothers, Children, and the Antebellum Foster Family," these chapters contrast female child-saving activities to male-designed and operated welfare programs. Middle-class welfare programs emerged from the reality that during the antebellum period all women were economically vulnerable and their class status and social standing unpredictable. As Lawes explains, "Economic instability as well as economic prosperity shaped their lives, and was a crucial aspect of their world over which they, as legally dependent women, had little control. A woman's class standing could thus vary significantly over time, keyed as it was to the luck and skill of her father or husband; rarely was an antebellum woman able to determine her class position through her own efforts" (p. 99). Lawes provides fascinating data on the many ways women's lives could be disrupted and their social standing compromised: family bankruptcy, frequent households moves, taking in boarders and relatives, protracted illness, and high death rates, particularly among children. "No amount of privilege," argues Lawes, "could protect them from the kinds of critical life experiences, such as economic uncertainty, residential instability, family disintegration, illness, suffering, and death, that much less privileged women also endured" (p. 112). Within this context of women's universal vulnerability, Lawes examines the local Children's Friend Society (CFS) to see if its members, too, experienced this "gendered instability" (p. 93). What she discovers is that although many CFS members were from affluent, upwardly mobile households, more than one in four experienced bankruptcy, one-third lost children, and forty percent either took in boarders or boarded themselves. Many suffered ill health; indeed more than one in five died of tuberculosis. Lawes believes that these negative experiences allowed women reformers to "comprehend and to empathize with the crises confronting those to whom they extended help" (p. 112). As a result, their welfare programs were innovative, flexible and non-punitive, seeking to buttress families in time of need and to keep them intact if at all possible. In addition to developing a so-called "maternalist" rather than a class-oriented, social-control approach to child-saving programs, CFS women consciously excluded men, most notably ministers and local officials, from decision-making positions. They also refrained from soliciting state subsidization lest they lose control over their finances and the orphan's home they operated. Concludes Lawes, "By adamantly denying men power within the institution and by shrewdly linking the success of the home to a more general commitment to maternalism, the managers of the Worcester Children's Friend Society guaranteed their society's influence and autonomy, and to a great extent their own, in a culture generally threatened by female independence" (p.159). In a rather abbreviated final chapter, Lawes examines the links between organized reform and feminism. Although only a "handful" of Worcester women participated in the city's woman's rights conventions of 1850 and 1851, Lawes argues that organizations like the Children's Friend Society "implicitly and at times explicitly supported the demands the feminists articulated" (p. 161). Reformers and feminists alike understood that women's economic vulnerability was as important an issue as their political disenfranchisement. And both groups affirmed the primacy of woman's maternal roles, using them to justify female public discourse and political action. Thus, the early woman's rights movement was not so much the culmination of women's reform activities of the last thirty years, but an expression of views common among many women activists at that time. In her survey of Worcester's antebellum women's associations, Lawes reaches several important conclusions. First, she sees these groups and the general history of organized reform as "nonlinear, multifaceted, and constantly evolving." Second, women's gendered experiences united them across class lines and prompted a reform agenda consciously distinct from men's. Finally, although women activists, including feminists, did not explicitly reject separate spheres, they used collective action to broaden its definition so "as to rob the concept of its potentially insidious implications" (p. 169). Thus under the guise of maternalism, women were not tied to their households but enjoyed a prominent place "at center stage in community productions" (p. 183). Concludes Lawes, "gender prescription was not social description and the 'mother at home' often wasn't" (p. 183). Tapping into government records, court cases, personal papers, newspapers, and more, Lawes has marshaled an impressive array of evidence to document the personal and economic lives of Worcester women. This is a model social history that amply demonstrates the complex interplay between women's domestic and civic work and the socioeconomic conditions of their time. Because this is such rich social history, the title seems comparatively bland. Perhaps a descriptive-analytical subtitle would have served to enlighten readers to the study's full scope and nature. The book also provokes some significant questions. For example, did the concept of maternalism transcend class boundaries and unite women into common action, or was maternalism itself a class construct? Indeed, just how relevant were middle-class definitions of women's roles and civic duty to the women from other socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds? Lawes does a marvelous job of showing how middle-class women differentiated their interests and goals from men's. Did they do the same with lower-class and ethnic women? Also, has Lawes overestimated women reformers' access to political power and independent action? Although women clearly voiced political opinions and worked for social change, was their impact limited to venues that had been discarded or ignored by males? These questions aside, _Women and Reform in a New England Community_ is a fine study characterized by engaging prose, compelling socioeconomic data, and illuminating personal and institutional narratives. Assuredly, Carolyn Lawes's impressive catechism of the cult of domesticity will spark some interesting debates and infuse new life into this enduring topic. Copyright (c) 2001 by H-Net, all rights reserved. This work may be copied for non-profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. For other permission, please contact H-Net@h-net.msu.edu.McFadden, Margaret H.  1999ZSGolden Cables of Sympathy: The Transatlantic Sources of Nineteenth-Century Feminismk  Lexingtonn "University Press of Kentucky xiv + 270 Golden Cables of Sympathy 0-8131-2117-5JD women, feminism women, reformers women, voting rights transatlanticReviewed for H-Women by E. Sue Wamsley , Department of History and Women's Studies Program, Ohio University Constructing Women's International Networks Since historians of women have uncovered the widespread international feminist activism of the early twentieth century, one question has dominated: how did women from a variety of backgrounds and with a plethora of interests come together? Scholars such as Leila J. Rupp in her path-breaking account, _Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement_, argues that a collective identity based on femaleness and the development of friendships provided an avenue to women's persistent international activism. And despite differences, these international campaigners ultimately stuck together because they believed that they had much to gain on both national and international levels through female solidarity. But how was it that in the early decades of the twentieth century such an energetic, fervent, and, to a degree, successful movement took place? Margaret H. McFadden in _Golden Cables of Sympathy: The Transatlantic Sources of Nineteenth-Feminism_ gallantly attempts to answer this question. Until now, most of the literature has traced the origins of international activism to the founding in 1888 of the first long-lasting international feminist association, the International Council of Women. Scholars have paid scant attention to the organizing efforts of women prior to the birth of the Council. McFadden breaks out of this mold offering an intriguing account of how nineteenth-century women's networks developed, paving the way for extensive international feminist activism at the turn of the century twentieth century. Margaret McFadden, professor of Interdisciplinary Studies at Appalachian State University, argues that nineteenth-century female activists, like their sisters later, created virtual communities based on "support, affiliation, and common purpose" (p. 4). Alongside technological developments in communication systems, especially the transatlantic cable and travel industry, Euroamerican intellectual networks linked like-minded women into a web of international sisterhood upon which an "autonomous movement and explicit feminist consciousness could later develop in the Atlantic community" (p. 3). She goes on to say that these relationships took shape in the nineteenth-century Euroamerican reform activities of the antislavery, socialist, and pacifist movements, often cloaked under religious garb. Meetings, personal contacts, and correspondence engendered a feminist intellectual community. To uncover further the roots of women's international activities, McFadden examines the lives of a broad spectrum of women, placing special emphasis on the "mothers of the matrix" who represented three chronological and geographical generations of connections. The oldest is U.S. born Quaker and abolitionist Lucretia Mott. At the center is English internationalist Barbara Bodichon. Completing the matrix is Finnish reformer and participant at the 1888 founding of the International Council of Women, Baronness Aleksandra Gripenberg. In the study McFadden also identifies numerous other women such as the U.S. feminist pioneer Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Swedish feminist Fredrika Bremer as dominant and important figures in this early activism. Along with countless female international travelers who read, wrote, and circulated feminist ideas, these internationalists formed intellectual networks that eventually led to structured feminist organizations. McFadden definitely helps to fill a gap in the history of the early international women's movement. She eloquently shows that in the nineteenth-century hundreds of North American and European feminists began to fight passionately for women's rights. At times, however, her analysis is too heavy with detail in certain areas, while lacking in others. McFadden eloquently portrays the numerous national activities and international excursions of the women. But how did such endeavors culminate into international activism? She does not fully explain this. How did these women overcome difference? Or did they have to? McFadden clearly points out the ways that early feminists traveled and met one another. What resulted from such interaction? It takes more than acquaintance for a collective identity to develop. Less detail of the women's travels and more on institutional influences would be helpful. Did advances in women's education spur the rise in women's organized activism? Did the feminists' reform struggles provide organizational techniques and strategies? Lastly, concentrating solely on North American and European women limits the understanding of the way that a transatlantic community evolved. As McFadden, as well as other scholars, have suggested, women's organizing efforts often began on the national stage. Indeed, many international issues emerged from national concerns. With this in mind, an analysis of the origins of transatlantic female networks would benefit from a look at Latin American women's activism. In the late nineteenth century, Latin American women actively participated in national and transnational struggles. By the early twentieth century, they had made some of the longest strides of progress on the issues of women's equal rights and citizenship in the international arena. Latin American female activists were instrumental in garnering support for the inclusion of feminist concerns on the agenda at the League of Nations, for example. An investigation of the history of transatlantic feminism calls out for the Latin American voice. Still, such omissions do not detract from this unexplored area of the history of women. McFadden has made a substantial contribution to the literature on women's early organizing efforts. She challenges us to rethink the origins and linkages of feminism. What preconditions were necessary for women to organize? How did feminists develop bonds and notions of sisterhood before organizational connections? McFadden's use of extensive archival sources in the U.S. and Europe provide a solid foundation for explorations into transatlantic activism. Her work offers a launching pad for others interested in the origins of the international women's movement. Copyright (c) 2000 by H-Net, all rights reserved. This work may be copied for non-profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. For other permission, please contact H-Net@h-net.msu.edu.McGuinnes, James Kevin 1950 Rio Grande  Ford, John Republic Pictures "Ford, John Cooper, Merian C.2,westerns, film Indian Wars, federal soldiers McNeil, Kent 1999VPSocial Darwinism and Judicial Conceptions of Indian Title in Canada in the 1880sJournal of the West38January 68-76  January 1999\Rhodes, Richardr 1988$The Making of the Atomic Bomb{nuclear weapons\Rhodes, RichardR 19960)Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb6/nuclear weapons Cold War, nuclear proliferationr 6Hemphill, C. Dallete 1999HBBowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620-1860 New York Oxford University Press2 310 Bowing to Necessitiese 0-19-512557-6hH-NET BOOK REVIEW Published by H-SHEAR@h-net.msu.edu (February, 2001) C. Dallet Hemphill. _Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620-1860_. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. viii + 310 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $35.00 (cloth), ISBN 0-19-512557-6. Reviewed for H-SHEAR by Renee Sentilles , Department of History, Case Western Reserve University Minding Our Manners Reading _Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620-1790_ by C. Dallet Hemphill is somewhat akin to watching a ballet: you know that a lot of pain and practice had to go into making such a complex performance appear so simple and fluid. _Bowing to Necessities_ is indeed a history of manners, but manners are about much more than taking a bow, as Hemphill makes clear from the beginning. Manners, she states, offer historians "a new perspective on society -- a street-level panorama of how contemporaries thought society was organized, how power was actually distributed, and how larger changes in cosmology, polity, or economy were being acted out in every day life" (p. 4). Hemphill investigates manners advocated in written works, and diaries and letters that record how they were (and were not) observed, to define and clarify dominant shifts in Anglo-American performance of age, gender, and class from British colonialism to the eve of the Civil War. Hemphill breaks her study into three distinct periods and clarifies the main differences between them with apt section titles. In "Hierarchy, manners in a Vertical Social Order, 1620-1740," Hemphill argues that conduct guides illustrate the steep hierarchy of British colonial society that persisted even as people lived in "social and material equality" (p. 8). Colonists strove to fortify class divisions between men; manuals and sermons gave significant attention to appropriate behavior between superiors and inferiors. "Puritan leaders were obsessed with deference because the world was changing in a way that threatened their authority," particularly in the New World (p. 15). At the same time, sex superseded class; women were to defer to men regardless of their respective positions on the social scale. Hemphill also demonstrates that, despite later nostalgia for a forgotten respect for the elderly, prescriptive literature put a higher premium on respect towards the middle-aged. In Part II, "Revolution: An Opening of Possibilities, 1740-1820," Hemphill suggests that the middle-class codes of behavior often connected with the rise of industry actually began appearing in this period, as conduct guides and etiquette books (many of them now written in North America) became pre-occupied with emphasizing equality between citizens. Hemphill finds that this is when women's place in the hierarchy begins to shift, so that now class trumps gender (ie., a higher class woman now expects the deference of a lower-class man). In the third and final part of the book, Hemphill investigates manners during the Antebellum period in "Resolution: Manners for Democrats, 1820-1860." She clarifies how manners were used to suggest equality at a time when inequality was becoming the greater norm. In fact, polite gestures such as "Ladies first" appear to be conciliatory prizes for the women and elderly left behind in the crush for real civil, political and economic rights. The clear organizational structure of the book makes it read like the classic essay writ large: an introduction that maps out the arguments and methodology, before pursuing that pattern step by careful step towards a conclusion that reaches beyond the subject at hand. In the end, Hemphill masterfully weaves secondary literature, primary research and theory (mercifully free of jargon), into a tapestry rich in minute detail but with an eye towards larger shapes and color. Although many historians use conduct and etiquette guides to investigate other topics, there are surprisingly few works that focus on manners alone. On the surface, John Kasson's _Rudeness & Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America_ (1990) would seem to overlap with Hemphill's project once she turns to the nineteenth century. After all, both works focus primarily on prescriptions for middle-class behavior in northeastern urban culture. But Hemphill is interested in changes in manners between her three time periods, and consistently focuses on age, gender and class, while Kasson is truly interested in urban life. Hemphill thoroughly explores the world of manners, while Kasson relies on conduct guides as a springboard for other topics. Hemphill takes what appears to be a similar topic and relies on many of the same sources, but goes in another direction--emerging with corroborating but also excitingly different results. Kasson's work has its own strengths, but if one wants a thorough reading of manners that draws upon social and cultural theory, one should read _Bowing to Necessities_. All of that said, I do have my criticisms of this book. It could have been shorter; Hemphill, like most historians determined to win the point, overbuilds the foundation supporting her house. That's fine in the unlikely event of a scholarly hurricane, but it loses points for style. Be forewarned, however, that you must be careful if you choose to skip over seemingly superfluous examples, because Hemphill's extensive use of theory has her embedding precious gems in unlikely places. Also, although Hemphill supports her rather exciting argument that middle-class performance came into vogue with commercial rather than industrial capitalism, I wanted a clearer indication of how she defined and dated commercial capitalism. Finally, a pet peeve: I am tired of histories of northeastern urban American claiming to speak for all of the nation (thus reinforcing for the zillionth time the hegemonic power of the Northeast). Hemphill gives a good argument for why she does not address manners in the south; I am not saying that she should have written a different book. I just want the title to correspond with what is between the covers. Nevertheless, _Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620-1790_ is a wonderful book that I highly recommend to scholars of American culture. The book will be a favorite among cultural historians for obvious reasons, but will also prove useful for those focusing on class, gender, aging and childhood in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Given its topic, the book may interest the lay reader, but it has enough sophistication to satisfy scholars looking for theoretical analysis, as well. Copyright (c) 2000 by H-Net, all rights reserved. This work may be copied for non-profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. For other permission, please contact H-Net@h-net.msu.edu.Hershberger, Marye 1999b[Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle against Indian Removal in the 1830'sg&The Journal of American Historyi861b 15-40 1999 .(Mobilizing Women, Anticipating AbolitionNative Americans, removal abolition women, reformers Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845. Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862. U.S. Congress, debates2+Indian removal mobilized women as never before. "The experience of opposing removal prompted some reformers to rethink their position on abolition and reject African colonization in favor of immediatism." Many involved in the anti-removal effort would take an early role in the abolition movement..'Pages cited are for electronic version.JDhttp://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/86.1/hershberger.htmlMarshall, John 19622+The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia  Filler, LouisPJThe Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? Lexington, Mass. D.C. Heath and Company 61-65Native Americans, tribes - Cherokee Georgia Native Americans, legal status Native Americans, treaties State's rights U.S. Supreme Court, opinionsg Marston, Ed 2000`ZWater pressure: A valiant veto defeated Two Forks Dam; will Denver's sprawl bring it back?High Country Newst  Paonia, CO1, 8-11e 20 November1 Water pressuredams, Two Forks (proposed) -- South Platte environment, consensus building environment, endangered species environment, sprawl environment, water policy water policy, conservation water policy, damsPJIn 1990 Bill Reilly vetoed the Two Forks Dam on the South Platte River, which the Devenver Water Department was relying on to satisfy domestic water consumption. Reilly's actions, which were based on the new administration's pro-environment outlook, forced Denver to enact dramatic water conservation measures. Environmentalists and the DWD are claiming victory in the battle to stay within the limits of available water without hurting growth, but all parties recognize that expansion of the outer suburbs may bring the issue of damming and West Slope water into the spotlight again.F|\nLFDivine, Robert A. Breen, T. H. Fredrickson, George M. Williams, R. Hal 1999America Past and Present New York Longmano1- 2o 5125E178.1.A4894 1998bsurvey, American - to 1877 Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845. Native Americans, encounters Native Americans, ethnography Native Americans, relations with whit