Indian Removal, Africans in America. 2000.
"Resource Bank" article providing an overview of Indian removal in the South.

(1830). Indian Removal Act.
"On February 24, 1830, a removal bill was reported out from the House Committee on Indian Affairs (John Bell of Tennessee, chairman). The same bill was also introduced into the Senate by its Indian Committee (also chaired by a Jacskon man from Tennessee). The text of the bill...was briefer than the President's message recommending it. In eight sections, it authorized the President to set aside an Indian territory on public lands west of the Mississippi; to exchange districts there for land now occupied by Indians in the East; to grant the triebes absolute ownership of their new homes 'forever'; to treat with tribes for the rearrangement of boundaries in order to effect the removal; to ensure that property left behind by emigrating Indians be properly appraised and fair compensation be paid; to give the emigrants 'aid and assistance' on their journey and for the first year after their arrival in the their new country; to protect the emigrants from hostile Indians in the West and from any other intruders; to continue the 'superintendence' now exercised over the Indians by the Trade and Intecourse Laws. And to carry out these responsibilities, the Congress appropriated the sum (soon to prove woefully inadequate) of $500,000."

In Anthony F.C. Wallace, "The Long, Bitter Trail."

(1831). Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia. US, U.S. Supreme Court. 30: 1.
A suit to prevent Georgia from extending state law over the Cherokee lands within its borders. In the majority opinion Justice Marshall declared Indian tribes in the US to be "domestic dependent nations" that do not have true sovereignty. Lacking sovereign nation status, the Court did not have original jurisdiction for this case and the Cherokee case was dismissed. Justice Thompson dissented, saying that the Cherokee have always been treated by the federal government as independent nations, so their case had merit and the Court had jurisdiction.

(1831). Register of Debates. Washington, Gales & Seaton.

(1832). Worcester v. State of Georgia. US, Supreme Court. 31: 515.
Worcester, a missionary to the Cherokee Nation in Georgia, sued on a writ of error, claiming that the Georgia law which had convicted him was unconstitutional. The law forbade white settlement on Cherokee lands unless the individual swore loyalty to Georgia. Georgia claimed its state law extended onto Cherokee territory. The denial of this claim was the basis of Worcester's case. Writing for the majority, Justice Marshall said that Georgia had no legal basis for extending its laws on Indian nations, an act which was counter to the Intercourse Act of 1802. Since only Congress had the power to regulate commerce with Indians, the Georgia law was unconstitutional and void.

(1950). Broken Arrow.

(1956). Run of the Arrow.

(1960). Sergeant Rutledge.

(1962). Land Policies and the Georgia Law of December 19, 1829. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 18-21.

(1970). A Man Called Horse.

(1982). Exploring the American West, 1803-1879. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.

(1998). Survivng the Dust Bowl (The American Experience), PBS.
They were called "Black Blizzards," dark clouds reaching miles into the sky, churning millions of tons of dirt into torrents of destruction. For ten years beginning in 1930, dust storms ravaged the parched and overplowed Southern Plains, turning bountiful wheat fields into desert. Disease, hardship and death followed, yet the majority of people stayed on, steadfastly refusing to give up on the land and a way of life.

(1998). The Bikini Atoll. Berkeley, Universtiy of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning.
On July 1, 1946, less than a year after atomic bombs destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the U.S. military began a program of 12 years of nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll, in the Marshall Islands in the South Pacific. This poignant documentary places the massive Bikini nuclear experiment in historical context and explores its enduring legacy on Bikini and on the exiled Pacific Island people who once inhabited it.

The film covers a 50-year period, from the forced exodus of the Bikinians to the current clean-up and resettlement efforts. It includes archival footage of the nuclear tests, interviews with scientists who developed the bombs used at Bikini, and first-hand accounts from Bikinians who were forcibly displaced to other islands.

The film relates the political squabbles between the Army and Navy in the midst of the testing, shows the devastating effects of the series of nuclear explosions, and examines the conflicting visions of the future of Bikini and its native people. The film also includes spectacular underwater footage of the large naval “atomic graveyard” (now the basis of a scuba-diving resort run by Bikinians) left by the testing, and documents the mixed success of the $90 million decontamination and repopulation program.

(2000). The First Measured Century: Program Segment 13 - Broken Windows, PBS.org. 2001.

Abbey, E. (1968). Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness. New York, Ballantine Books.

Ackerman, B. (1991). We The People. Cambridge, Mass., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Adelson, R. (1999). "The U.S. West and Comparative History." Journal of the West 38(April): 3-7.

Albright, H. M. and M. A. Schenck (1999). Creating the National Park Service: the Missing Years. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Allen, J. L. (1974). Passage through the garden; Lewis and Clark and the image of the American Northwest. Urbana,, University of Illinois Press.

Allen, J. L. (1975). Exploration and the Creation of Geographical Images of the Great Plains: Comments on the Role of Subjectivity. Images of the plains: the role of human nature in settlement. B. W. Blouet, M. P. Lawson and University of Nebraska--Lincoln. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press: 3-12.

Allen, J. L. (1991). Jedediah Smith and the mountain men of the American West. New York, Chelsea House Publishers.
Chronicles the exploits of the mountain men who opened many trails and passages through the American West in the early nineteenth century.

Allen, J. L. (1991). Lewis and Clark and the image of the American Northwest. New York, Dover Publications.

Allen, J. L. (1997). North American exploration. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Ambrose, S. E. (1996). Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. New York, Touchstone.

Ambrose, S. E. and D. Brinkley (1999). Witness to America.

Anderson, F. (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.

Annerino, J. (1999). Dead in Their Tracks: Crossing America's Desert Borderlands. New York, Four Walls Eight Windows.

Arnold, P. P. (1999). "Black Elk and Book Culture." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 67(March): 85-111.

Bailyn, B. and B. DeWolfe (1986). Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution.

Bain, D. H. (1999). Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad. New York, Penguin.

Baker, E. (2001). A "Militant, Democratic Union": Chicano Workers and the Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers Union in New Mexico. Labor Conflict in the American West, 1865-1950. T. Higbie. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.
Baker gives a largely prima fascie discussion of the IMMSWU strike in the early 1950s at Silver City, Arizona. The movie Salt of the Earth was based on this strike. Baker discusses how the strike was a source of pride for Chicano workers and how women assumed a large role in organizing the strike. Ultimately the strike improved race relations within the IMMSWU as whites gave positions within the organization to Chicanos.

Baker, E. W. (2001). Lithobolia: Frontier Prelude to Witchcraft in Salem. Narrating Salem Witchcraft as an Episode in Frontier History. B. Rosenthal. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.

Bakken, G. M. and B. Farrington (2000). Where is the West? New York, Garland Pub.

Barnard, S. K. and G. M. Schwartzman (1998). "Tecumseh and the Creeek Indian War of 1813-1814 in North Georgia." Georgia Historical Quarterly 82(Fall): 489-506.

Barnes, I. (2000). The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution. New York, Routledge.

Barney, W. L. (2001). A companion to 19th-century America. Malden, Mass., Blackwell.

Barringer, M. (1999). "Mission Impossible: National Park Development in the 1950s." Journal of the West 38(January): 22-26.

Beck, W. A. and Y. D. Haase (1989). Historical atlas of the American West. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Bedell, R. (2001). The Anatomy of Nature: Geology & American Landscape Painting, 1825-1875.

Bellah, J. W. and W. Goldbeck (1962). The Man who Shot Liberty Valance. J. Ford.
A western portraying the struggle between cattlemen and homesteaders in the town of Shinbone, telling about the encounter of a young eastern lawyer with the notorious gunman Liberty Valance.

Bellesiles, M. A. (2000). Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.

Benson, K. R. (1999). "Herpetology on the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806." We Proceeded On 25(4): 24-29.

Bergantino, R. N. (2001). "Revisiting Fort Mandan's Longitude." We Proceeded On 27(4): 19-26.

Bieder, R. E. (1999). "Sault Ste. Marie and the War of 1812: A World Turned Upside Down in the Old Northwest." Indiana Magazine of History 95(March): 1-13.

Bingham, G. C., M. E. Shapiro, et al. (1990). George Caleb Bingham. Saint Louis, Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
Catalog of an exhibition held at the Saint Louis Art Museum, Feb. 22 - May 13, 1990, and at the National Gallery of Art, June 15 - Sept. 30, 1990.

Bishop, M. G. (1998). Henry William Bigler: Soldier, Gold Miner, Missionary, Chronicler, 1815-1900. Logan, Utah State University Press.

Black, B. (2000). Petrolia: The Landscape of America's First Oil Boom. Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press.

Blake, M. (1990). Dances with Wolves. K. Costner.

Blouet, B. W., M. P. Lawson, et al. (1975). Images of the plains: the role of human nature in settlement. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Blouet, B. W. and F. C. Luebke (1979). The Great Plains: environment and culture. Lincoln, Published by the University of Nebraska Press for the Center for Great Plains Studies University of Nebraska.

Boag, P. G. (2000). Overlanders and the Snake River Region. Where is the West? G. M. Bakken and B. Farrington. New York, Garland Pub.: 202-209.

Bovee, K. (2001). Will the Met Wring the Desert Dry. High Country News. Paonia, CO: 13.

Bowers, W. and W. Sellers (1950). The Gunfighter. H. King.

Boyer, P. S. (1985). By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age.

Bressler, A. L. (2001). The Universalist Movement in America, 1770-1880. New York, Oxford University Press.

Brooks, J. F. (2002). Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Chapel Hill and London, University of North Carolina Press.

Brown, G. S. (2000). Calhoun's Philosophy of Politics: A Study of A Disquisition on Government. Macon, GA, Mercer University Press.

Brückner, M. (1999). "Lessons in Geography: Maps, Spellers, and Other Grammars of Nationalism in the Early Republic." American Quarterly 51(June): 311-43.
See Brückner, Martin. "Literacy for Empire: The Abc of Geography and the Rule of Territoriality in Early Nineteenth-Century America."

Brückner, M. (2001). Literacy for Empire: The ABC of Geography and the Rule of Territoriality in Early Nineteenth-Century America. Cartographic Narratives in the History of North America. M. C. Elliott. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.
Brückner argues that because geography was placed in the curriculum of early nineteenth century primary education, children of this period grew up as young imperialists. Brückner finds the synthesis of this argument in an 1820s British review, which found that by putting maps in students' hands, they were fostering a taste for expansion. This popular craving, they asserted, led to the will to territorialize. Brückner examined primers (both geographical and general) and pedagogical sources from the period to determine that this was very liekly the case. Moreover, he discovered that general literacy instruction frequently included geography lessons which could inspire a "beligerent territoriality"--of an intellectual rather than actual variety. Students typically learned about the larger territoriality of the "American continent" before regional placenames. Geographic instruction was, thus, a crucial part in the formation of national cohesion and the shared belief in a manifest destiny to expend the borders.

Bumsted, J. M. (1998). A History of the Canadian Peoples. Don Mills, Ontario, Oxford University Press.

Burns, K., R. Burns, et al. (1990). The Civil War, PBS.

Burns, K. and D. Duncan (1997). Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery.
This extraordinary film tells the remarkable story of the entire Corps of Discovery--not just the two famous Captains, but the young army men, French-Canadian boatmen, Clark's African-American slave, and the Shoshone woman named Sacagawea, who brought along her infant son.

Burns, K. and G. C. Ward (1997). Thomas Jefferson.
Part One: A young Thomas Jefferson from the Virginia wilderness is transformed by the fire of the enlightenment into his country's most articulate voice for human liberty. Torn between serene family personal loss, even as he gives voiced to a new era of democratic government. He then journeys to Paris as U.S. Minister to France for George Washington and supports the rising French Revolution.

Part Two: Returning from France, Jefferson strives to preserve they new, fragile American government and helps create the first political party through his bitter struggles with the Federalists. As third President of the United States, he doubles the size of the country with the Louisiana Purchase, but laces controversy and scandal, finally retiring to his beloved Monticello. His last years are spent founding the University of Virginia and re-establishing his friendship with John Adams. By the end of his remarkable life, he had advanced the cause of religious, political, and intellectual freedom everywhere and hand changed the course of human events.

Burns, R., L. Ades, et al. (1995). The Way West: The War for the Black Hills (The American Experience), PBS.
This documentary mini-series presents the story of how the West was lost and won, from the time of the Gold Rush in 1848 until the last gasp of the Indian Wars at Wounded Knee in 1893, when the West was settled, subdued, exploited, and incorporated into the American empire. Lakotas, Cheyennes, Kiowas, Poncas, Apaches, Nez Perces, and Utes fought back, then watched as everything they had was taken from them, their way of life all but destroyed.

Burns, R., L. Ades, et al. (1992). The Donner Party (The American experience). United States, WETA-TV.
In the winter of 1846, a group of pioneers known as the Donner party split off from the main body of emigrating pioneers to take an untried shortcut to California. Stranded in the Sierra Nevadas during winter, the ordeal led to starvation, cannibalism, and the deaths of 41 people.

Bush, A. L. (1987). The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson. Charlottesville, Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation.

Bush, A. L. and L. C. Mitchell (1994). The Photograph and the American Indian.

Callicott, J. B. and M. P. Nelson, Eds. (1998). The Great New Wilderness Debate. Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press.

Carmean, K. (2002). Spider Woman Walks this Land: Traditional Cultural Properties and the Navajo Nation. Walnut Creek, Altamira Press.

Carrington, H. (1909). The Indian Question. Boston, De Wolfe & Fiske company.

Carter, E. C., II (1986). Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 'Learned Engineer,' The American Philosophical Society, and the Promotion of Useful Knowledge and Works, 1798-1809. Science and society in early America : essays in honor of Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. R. S. Klein. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society. 166: 201-223.

Chittenden, H. M. (1902). The American fur trade of the far West; a history of the pioneer trading posts and early fur companies of the Missouri valley and the Rocky mountains and the overland commerce with Santa Fe. New York,, F.P. Harper.

Chittenden, H. M. (1902). Map of the Trans-Mississippi of the United States during the period of the American fur trade as conducted from St. Louis between the years 1807 and 1843. S.l.,.

Clarren, R. (2000). Final roadless plan drives Clinton's legacy. High Country News. Paonia, CO: 7.
The U.S. Forest Service released the final version of its plan to limit road-building on roadless areas, nearly one-third of the national forest land or 58.5 million acres. Environmentalists hail the out-going administrations move, while western lawmakers saw the move as overly restrictive and will try to get it repealed in the new session of congress.

Clerici, N. (1998). "War Fighters and Peace keepers: An American Indian Perspective." Rivista di Studi Anglo-americani 9(Fall): 478-90.

Colley, R. M. C. (1998). Domesticating the Frontier: Representations of Native Americans in U.S. Women's Prose, 1820-1885, Emory University.

Commager, H. S. and A. Nevins (1949). Heritage of America.

Countryman, E., Ed. (1999). What Did the Constitution Mean to Early Americans? Boston, Bedford/St. Martin's.

Coward, J. M. (1999). The Newspaper Indian: Native American Identity in the Press. Urbana, University of Illinois Press.
An interesting investigation of how native americans have been presented in the press.

Cowen, D. (2000). "The First Bank of the United States and the Securities Market Crash of 1792." Journal of Economic History 60: 1041-1060.

Cowen, D. J. (1999). The Origins and Economic Impact of the First Bank of the United States, 1791-1797, New York University.

Craib, R. (2001). History, Geography, and the State in Nineteenth-Century Mexico. Cartographic Narratives in the History of North America. M. C. Elliott. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.

Crockett, D. (1962). Speech Before Congress (May 17, 1830). The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 39-41.

Cronon, W. (1983). Changes in the land : Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England. New York, Hill and Wang.

Cronon, W. (1991). Nature's metropolis : Chicago and the Great West. New York, W. W. Norton.

Cronon, W. (1995). Uncommon ground : toward reinventing nature. New York, W.W. Norton & Co.

Cronon, W., G. A. Miles, et al. (1992). Under an open sky : rethinking America's Western past. New York, W.W. Norton.

Cumming, A., Union and State Rights Party (U.S.), et al. (1832). The doctrine of nullification examined : an essay first published in the Georgia constitutionalist, under the signature of Oglethorpe : to which is annexed, the proceedings of the meeting of the Union & State Rights Party of Charleston, on Tuesday evening, June 12, 1832. Charleston, Printed by J.S. Burges.

Cunningham, N. E., Jr. (1981). The Image of Thomas Jefferson in the Public Eye: Portraits for the People. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia.

Custer, E. (1890). Following the Guidon.

Custer, G. A. (1874). My Life on the Plains.

Cutright, P. R. (1969). Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists. Urbana, University of Illinois Press.

Davis, D. B. and S. Mintz (1998). The Boisterous Sea of Liberty.

Davis, N. M. (2000). "Bone Man." We Proceeded On 26(1): 24-27.

Deloria, V., Jr. (1969). Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto.

Deloria, V., Jr. and D. E. Wilkins (1999). Tribes, Treaties, and Constitutional Tribulations. Austin, University of Texas Press.

DeStefanis, A. (2001). Witnessing Brutality: The People of Southern Colorado and the 1913-14 Coal Mining Strike. Labor Conflict in the American West, 1865-1950. T. Higbie. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.
Examining the labor/capital/strikebusting triangle from the perspective of state troops, DeStefanis finds evidence that some Colorado guardsmen saw their work in strikebreaking as bringing civilization to the state. Like Ronning, he sees strikebreaking activities as the natural continuation of the Indian Wars, just with different opponents. Instead of battling a red-skinned menace, troops were battling a "red, anarchist" menace in order to preserve capitalism on the plains.

DeVoto, B. (1947). Across the Wide Missouri. New York, Houghton Mifflin.
History of the American fur trade in the West. Covers the period 1833-1838. Includes a "chronology of the mountain fur trade."

Dimond, V. S. (1998). "Eloquent representatives": A Study of the Native American Figure in the Early Landscape of Thomas Cole, 1825-1830, University of Pennsylvania.

Divine, R. A., T. H. Breen, et al. (1999). America Past and Present. New York, Longman.

Duncan, D. (1988). Out West: An American Journey along the Lewis and Clark Trail.

Duncan, D., K. Burns, et al. (1997). Lewis & Clark: An Illustrated History. New York, Knopf.

Egnal, M. (1998). New World Economies: The Growth of the Thirteen Colonies and Early Canada. New York, Oxford University Press.

Ellis, J. C. (1995). When Green Was Pink: Environmental Dissent in Cold War America. History, University of California, Davis.

Ellis, J. J. (1996). American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson. New York, Vintage.

Else, J. and R. Redford (1988). Yosemite: The Fate of Heaven (The American Experience), PBS.
Traces the conquest of the Yosemite wilderness in 1851 and looks in sharp contrast to the Yosemite of today, a national park attracting more than three million visitors every year and producing, among other things, 25,000 pounds of garbage every day. Emphasis is given to the impact man's presence has had on Yosemite and to the conflict between preserving the area and public enjoyment of it.

Engel, L. (1994). The Big empty: essays on western landscapes as narrative. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.

Engeman, T. S., Ed. (1998). Thomas Jefferson and the Politics of Nature. Loyola Topics in Political Philosophy. South Bend, IN, University of Notre Dame Press.

Fabel, R. F. A. (2000). Colonial Challenges: Britons, Native Americans, and Caribs, 1759-1775. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

Filler, L. and A. Guttmann, Eds. (1962). The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? Problems in American Civilization. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company.
Primary sources and commentary on Indian removal in the Jackson administration.

Fischer, D. H. and J. C. Kelly (2000). Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia.

Flannery, T. (2000 (?)). The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples. New York, Atlantic Monthly Press.

Flores, D. (2000). "A Very Different Story: Exploring the Southwest from Monticello with the Freeman and Custis Expedition of 1806." Montana 50(Spring): 2-17.

Foner, E. (1983). Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press.
"Nothing But Freedom" probes the aftermatch of emancipation in the South, the restructuring of society by which the former slaves gained, beyond their freedom, a new relation to the land they worked on, to the men they worked for, and to the government they lived under. Taking a comparative approach, Eric Foner examines Reconstruction in the souther states against the experience of Haiti, where a violent slave revolt was followed by the imposition of a system of forced labor; in the British Caribbean, where the colonial government oversaw a rapid transition from slavery to the creation of an almost totally dependent, powerless work force; and in early twentieth-century southern and eastern Afreica, where a self-sufficient peasantry was dispossessed in order to create a dependent black work force.
Many scholars, Foner finds, have lost sight of the essential radicalism of Reconstruction. Measuring the progress of freedmen in the post-Civil War South against that of freedmen in other recently emancipated societies, "Nothing But Freedom" reveals Reconstruction to have been, despite its failings, a unique and dramatic exerpeiment in interracial democracy in the aftermath of slavery.

Foner, E. (1990). A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877. New York, Harper & Row.

Foner, E. (1995). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War. New York, Oxford University Press.

Foos, P. (2002). A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict During the Mexican-American War. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.

Foreman, C. (1952). High Noon. F. Zinnemann.

Foster, T. F. and Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) (1832). Speech of Thomas F. Foster of Georgia on a memorial and certain resolutions therewith submitted, relative to the missionaries (Worcester and Butler), who are imprisoned under a judgment of a state court in Georgia : delivered in the House of Representatives, U.S., June 11, 1832. Washington, Duff Green.

Fountain, J. W. (2001). A Farm Town in Nebraska Is Lamenting the Loss of Its Only Grocery Store. New York Times. New York: 14.

Fowler, D. D. (2000). A Laboratory for Anthropology: Science and Romanticism in the American Southwest, 1846-1930. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.

Frâemont, J. C., D. D. Jackson, et al. (1970). The expeditions of John Charles Frâemont. Urbana,, University of Illinois Press.

Francaviglia, R. (1999). "Walt Disney's Frontierland as an Allegorical Map of the American West." Western Historical Quarterly 30(Summer): 155-82.

Frelinghuysen, T. (1962). Speech Before the Senate (April 9, 1830). The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 22-30.

Galán, H., P. Espinosa, et al. (1993). The Hunt for Pancho Villa (The American Experience). United States, PBS.
In 1916, legendary outlaw Pancho Villa led a column of Mexican guerrillas across the border into New Mexico, an action that brought Mexico and the United States to the brink of war. President Wilson sent General John Pershing and his cavalry troops to hunt down Villa in Mexico, but they were never able to even catch sight of him.

Garland, H. (1923). The Captain of the Gray-Horse Troop. The Book of the American Indian.

Gaul, T. S. (1998). A native Tradition: Relocating the Indian in American Literature, 1820-1840, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Gibbons, L. M. (2002). "All Them Horses and One Poor Mule: A Numerical Accounting of the Corps of Discovery's Livestock." We Proceeded On 28(3): 26-32.

Goetzmann, W. H. (1959). Army exploration in the American West, 1803-1863. New Haven,, Yale University Press.

Goetzmann, W. H. (1966). Exploration and empire; the explorer and the scientist in the winning of the American West. New York,, Knopf.

Goetzmann, W. H. (1986). New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery. New York, Viking.

Goetzmann, W. H. and W. N. Goetzmann (1986). The West of the imagination. New York, Norton.

Goetzmann, W. H. and G. Williams (1992). The atlas of North American exploration : from the Norse voyages to the race to the pole. New York, Prentice Hall General Reference.

Goodman, G. J. and C. A. Lawson (1995). Retracing Major Stephen H. Long's 1820 Expedition: The Itinerary and Botany. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Graymont, B. (1997). "New York State Indian Policy after the Revolution." New York History 78(October): 374-410.

Greifenstein, C. (2002). "Benjamin Rush: Man of Many Parts." We Proceeded On 28(2): 28-32.

Grubin, D. (1996). TR: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt (The American Experience), PBS.
Theodore Roosevelt was an unpredictable dynamo, "a steamroller in trousers." At the turn of the century, he embodied America. Author, soldier, scientist, outdoorsman, and caring father, he was the youngest man to become president. Expanding the power of the Oval Office, Roosevelt helped create the modern presidency and redefined the course of the nation. But behind all the unbridled confidence and achievement was a man haunted by grief.

Grubin, D. and D. G. McCullough (1994). FDR (The American Experience), PBS.
Parts one and two: Explores Franklin Delano Roosevelt's privileged background and his marriage to distant cousin, Eleanor. Part two covers how FDR dealt with his polio, its aftermath, and the revival of his political career culminating in his run for the presidency in 1932 during the early years of the Great Depression. Overall the four-part series focuses on the public and private personality of FDR, while exploring the forces which shaped that personality. Examines how his image penetrated so many corners of American life.

Parts three and four: Reviews FDR's years as president, including his New Deal policies, conflicts with the Supreme Court, secret aid to England before the U.S. entered World War II, and wartime alliances with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. Also covers Eleanor Roosevelt during her years as first lady. Overall the four-part series focuses on the public and private personality of FDR, while exploring the forces which shaped that personality. Examines how his image penetrated so many corners of American life.

Guthrie, A. B., Jr. (1953). Shane. G. Stevens.
A stranger seeking refuge in a Wyoming valley helps a homesteader, his family, and his neighbors in their struggle against ruthless cattle ranchers.

Hacker, B. C. (1989). "Radioactivity on Film: Operation Crossroads at Bikini." Film and History 19: 14-18.

Haines, C. G. (1959). The American Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy. New York, Russell & Russell.

Hayes, D. (1999). Historical atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest : maps of exploration : British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon. Vancouver, B.C., Cavendish Books.

Hayes, D. (1999). Historical atlas of the Pacific Northwest : maps of exploration and discovery : British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon. Seattle, Sasquatch Books.

Hayes, D. (2001). First crossing : Alexander Mackenzie, his expedition across North America, and the opening of the continent. Vancouver, B.C., Douglas & McIntyre.

Hayes, D. and North Pacific Marine Science Organization (2001). Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500-2000. Seattle, Published under the auspices of North Pacific Marine Science Organization by Sasquatch Books.

Hemphill, C. D. (1999). Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620-1860. New York, Oxford University Press.

Hershberger, M. (1999). "Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle against Indian Removal in the 1830's." The Journal of American History 86(1): 15-40.
Indian removal mobilized women as never before. "The experience of opposing removal prompted some reformers to rethink their position on abolition and reject African colonization in favor of immediatism." Many involved in the anti-removal effort would take an early role in the abolition movement.

Hibbard, B. H. (1924). History of the Public Land Policies.

Hickey, D. (1990). The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict.

Hoffer, P. C. (2000). The Brave New World: A History of Early America. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.

Honker, A. M. (1999). ""Been Grazed Almost to Extinction": The Environment, Human Action, and Utah Flooding, 1900-1940." Utah Historical Quarterly 67(Winter): 23-47.

Hopkins, G. W. (1998). "Constructing the New Mythic West: Dances with Wolves." Studies in American Culture 21(October): 71-83.

Horgan, P. and J. Twist (1964). A Distant Trumpet. R. Walsh.
A western melodrama about an idealistic young cavalry lieutenant from West Point, who is sent to a distant Arizona outpost to fight the Chiricahuas. Filmed in the Red Rocks area of New Mexico and the Painted Desert of Arizona.

Hott, L., D. Garey, et al. (1989). The Wilderness Idea (The American experience).
Tells the story of the two founders of American conservation, John Muir and Gifford Pinchot, and their historic battle over whether a remote valley in California, Hetch Hetchy, should be dammed and flooded to form a reservoir. The battle reflected the two sides of the conservation issue--absolute protection of wilderness lands versus careful management and use of nature to serve human needs.

Hott, L., D. Garey, et al. (1991). Wild by Law (The American experience).
Profiles the struggle of three men, Aldo Leopold, Bob Marshall, and Howard Zahniser, to protect American wilderness from industrialization. Their efforts culminated in the passing of The Wilderness Act of 1964.

Hoyt, A. (1997). The Richest Man in the World--Andrew Carnegie (The American experience), PBS.

Huhndorf, S. M. (2001). Going Native: Indians in the American Cultural Imagination. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

Hundley, N., Jr. (2001). The Great Thirst: Californians and Water: A History. Berkeley, University of California Press.

Huston, J. H., Ed. (2000). Religion and the New Republic: Faith in the Founding of America. Lanham, Md., and Oxford, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Huston, R. (2000). "The Parties and 'The People': The New York Anti-Rent Wars and the Contours of Jacksonian Politics." Journal of the Early Republic 20(2): 241-272.

Huston, R. (2000). Land and Freedom: Rural Society, Popular Protest, and Party Politics in Antebellum New York. New York, Oxford University Press.

Jablon, H. and K. R. Elkins, Eds. (1998). From the Old Northwest to the Pacific Northwest: The 1853 Oregon Trail Diaries of Patterson Fletcher Luark and Michael Fleenen Luark. Independence, Oregon-California Trails Association.

Jackson, A. (1829). First Annual Message to Congress, 8 December 1829. 2000.

Jackson, A. (1830). Second Annual Message to Congress. 2000.

Jackson, A. (1835). Seventh Annual Message to Congress. 2000.

Jackson, A. (1962). Condition and Ulterior Destiny of the Indian Tribes (December 8, 1829). The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 14-17.

Jackson, A. (1962). Indian Removal and the General Good. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 49-52.

Jackson, D. C. (1995). Building the ultimate dam : John S. Eastwood and the control of water in the West. Lawrence, Kansas, University Press of Kansas.

Jackson, D. D. (1962). Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with related documents, 1783-1854. Urbana, University of Illinois Press.

Jackson, D. D. (1978). Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with related documents, 1783-1854. Urbana, University of Illinois Press.

Jackson, D. D. (1979). Zebulon Pike's damned rascals. Colorado Springs, CO, Pikes Peak Posse of the Westerners.

Jackson, D. D. (1981). Thomas Jefferson & the Stony Mountains : exploring the West from Monticello. Urbana, University of Illinois Press.

Jackson, D. D. (1983). Valley men : speculative account of the Arkansas Expedition of 1807. New Haven, Ticknor & Fields.

Jackson, D. D. (1987). Among the sleeping giants : occasional pieces on Lewis and Clark. Urbana, University of Illinois Press.

Jackson, D. D. (1989). A year at Monticello, 1795. Golden, Colo., Fulcrum.

Jackson, H. H. (1885). A Century of Dishonor.

James, E., S. H. Long, et al. (1822). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains : performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war, under the command of Major Stephen H. Long : from the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party. Philadelphia, H.C. Carey and I. Lea.

James, E., S. H. Long, et al. (1972). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, under the command of Major Stephen H. Long, from the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party. Barre, Mass.,, Imprint Society.

Jengo, J. W. (2002). "'High Broken and Rocky': Lewis and Clark as Geological Observers." We Proceeded On 28(2): 22-27.

Johnson, D. (1992). Founding the Far West, University of California Press.

Johnson, H. B. (1976). Order upon the land : the U.S. rectangular land survey and the upper Mississippi country. New York, Oxford University Press.

Johnson, K. (2001). The View Remains and Inspires: Generations Joined By Storied Landscapes. New York Times. New York: 25,27.

Kanon, T. (1999). ""A Slow, Laborious Slaughter": The Battle of Horseshoe Bend." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 58(Spring): 2-15.

Keach, S. and D. G. McCullough (1992). The Kennedys (The American Experience), PBS.
Traces the lives of Joe and Rose Kennedy and their nine children, focusing particularly on Joseph Jr., John, Robert, and Edward. The program charts the course of the Kennedys' extraordinary political trajectory, marked by both achievement and tragedy.

Kearns, G. (1998). "The Virtuous Circle of Facts and Values in the New Western History." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88(September): 377-409.

Keating, W. H., S. H. Long, et al. (1824). Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeck, Lake of the Woods, &c. &c. performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Stephen H. Long, Major U.S.T.E. Philadelphia,, H. C. Carey & I. Lea.

Kelton, P. T. (1998). Not All Disappeared: Disease and Southeastern Indian Survival, 1500-1800, University of Oklahoma.

Kelton, P. T. (1999). "William Penn Adair: Cherokee Slaveholder and Indian Freedom Advocate." Chronicles of Oklahoma 77(Spring): 22-53.

Kennard, D., T. Weidlinger, et al. (1986). The West of the imagination. United States, PBS and Films for the Humanities.

Kennedy, D. M. (1999). Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Kimmelman, M. (2001). Cropsey's Seasonal Vistas a Steady Weave of Grace and Harmony. New York Times. New York: 27.

Kirkpatrick, G. (2001). "The 'Stupendous' Columbia Gorge." We Proceeded On 27(2): 6-12.

Klein, R. S. and W. J. Bell (1986). Science and society in early America : essays in honor of Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society.

Kline, W. and A. MacKenzie (1941). They Died with Their Boots On. R. Walsh, Warner Bros. Pictures.

Knight, O. (1978). Life and Manners in the Frontier Army. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Knights, P. and S. Thernstrom Men in Motion: Some Data and Speculations about Urban Population Mobility in the Nineteenth Century. Anonymous Americans: Explorations in Nineteenth-Century Social History. T. K. Hareven: 17-47.

Knouff, G. T. (2001). Narratives of a Nation: Revolutionary Veterans Remember the Frontier War. Telling Stories about the Backcountry: The Challenges of Narrative in Early American History. D. C. Hsuing. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.
By examining depositions of Revolutionary-era veterans given after the war, Prof. Knouff argues that the Revolutionary war galvanized frontier whites toward reactively thinking about local concerns in terms of race. While property and ethnicity played a large role in frontier interactions before the Revolution, the employment of Naive Americans in the service of the British led white inhabitants to focus primarily on local defense collectively. Thus "whiteness" supplanted ethnicity as the primary factor in determining "Americanness". Knouff calls this "biological citizenship" and sees it developing during the war. He asserts (mildly in his paper but in more detail in the original source, he says) that this new focus on race leads Northerners and Southerners alike to adopt more color-concious legislation after the war.

Interestingly one can see in Knouff's paper the Turnerian belief that the frontier caused the development of immediacy and white-male democracy in the developing nation.

Krech, S. (1999). The Ecological Indian.

Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago,, University of Chicago Press.

Kupperman, K. O. (2000). Indians & English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

Kvernes, D. (1999). "The Arrival of the Horse on the Northern Plains." Heritage of the Great Plains 32(Spring/Summer): 31-37.

La Farge, O. (1929). Laughing Boy.

La Vere, D. (?). Contrary Neighbors: Southern Plains and Removed Indians in Indian Territory.

Lauber, A. W. (1913). Indian Slavery in Colonial Times within the Present Limits of the United States. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law. Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University. New York, Columbia University. 54: 3.

Lavender, D. S. (1980). The Overland Migrations. W, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Lavender, D. S. (1983). Fort Laramie. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Lavender, D. S. (1992). De Soto, Coronado, Cabrillo: Explorers of the Northern Mystery. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Lawes, C. J. (2000). Women and Reform in a New England Community, 1815-1860. Lexington, University Press of Kentucky.

Lemann, N. (1992). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York, Vintage Books.

Lenman, B. (2001). England's Colonial Wars 1550-1688: Conflicts, Empire and National Identity. Harlow and New York, Longman.

Lentz, G. (2000). "Meriwether Lewis's Medicine Chests." We Proceeded On 26(2): 10-17.

Lewis, G. M. (1979). The Cognition and Communication of Former Ideas about the Great Plains. The Great Plains: environment and culture. B. W. Blouet and F. C. Luebke. Lincoln, Published by the University of Nebraska Press for the Center for Great Plains Studies University of Nebraska: 1-26.

Lewis, J. G. (1999). "The Pinchot Family and the Battle to Establish American Forestry." Pennsylvania History 66(Spring): 143-65.

Lewis, M., W. Clark, et al. (2003). The Lewis and Clark journals : an American epic of discovery : the abridgment of the definitive Nebraska edition. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Lewis, M., W. Clark, et al. (2002). The definitive journals of Lewis and Clark. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Lewis, M., W. Clark, et al. (1983). The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Lewis, M., W. Clark, et al. (1983). Atlas of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Limerick, P. N. (2000). Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West. New York, W.W. Norton.

Long, S. H., J. E. Colhoun, et al. (1978). The northern expeditions of Stephen H. Long : the journals of 1817 and 1823 and related documents. St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society Press.

Lowman, M. R. (1998). College Textbooks on the American West: 1900-1997, Middle Tennessee State University.

Luebke, F. C., F. W. Kaye, et al. (1987). Mapping the North American plains : essays in the history of cartography. Norman
Lincoln, University of Oklahoma Press ;
Center for Great Plains Studies University of Nebraska--Lincoln.

Lumpkin, W. (1962). Message to Georgia Legislature. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 80-82.

Mallios, S. W. (1998). In the Hands of "Indian Givers": Exchange and Violence at Ajacan, Roanoke, and Jamestown, University of Virginia.

Malloy, M. (1998). "Boston Men" on the Northwest Coast: The American Maritime Fur Trade, 1788-1844. Fairbanks, Limestone.

Marshall, J. (1962). The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 61-65.

Marshall, J. (1962). Worcester vs. The State of Georgia. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 69-78.

Marston, E. (2000). Water pressure: A valiant veto defeated Two Forks Dam; will Denver's sprawl bring it back? High Country News. Paonia, CO: 1, 8-11.
In 1990 Bill Reilly vetoed the Two Forks Dam on the South Platte River, which the Devenver Water Department was relying on to satisfy domestic water consumption. Reilly's actions, which were based on the new administration's pro-environment outlook, forced Denver to enact dramatic water conservation measures. Environmentalists and the DWD are claiming victory in the battle to stay within the limits of available water without hurting growth, but all parties recognize that expansion of the outer suburbs may bring the issue of damming and West Slope water into the spotlight again.

Marszalek, J. F. (1997). The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House. New York, The Free Press.

Martineau, H. (2000). Retrospect of Western Travel. Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe.

Masur, L. P. (2001). 1831: Year of Eclipse. New York, Hill and Wang.

May, E. T. (1999). Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era. Chicago, Basic Books.

McCullough, D. G. (2001). John Adams. New York, Simon & Schuster.

McDermott, J. D. (1998). A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

McDermott, J. D. (2001). Gold Rush: The Black Hills Story. Pierre, South Dakota State Historical Society Press.

McDonald, F. (2000). State's Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio, 1776-1876. Lawrance, University Press of Kansas.

McFadden, M. H. (1999). Golden Cables of Sympathy: The Transatlantic Sources of Nineteenth-Century Feminism. Lexington, University Press of Kentucky.

McGuinnes, J. K. (1950). Rio Grande. J. Ford, Republic Pictures.

McNeil, K. (1999). "Social Darwinism and Judicial Conceptions of Indian Title in Canada in the 1880s." Journal of the West 38(January): 68-76.

McPherson, J. M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

McPherson, J. M. (1994). What They Fought For, 1861-1865. New York, Anchor Books.

Merchant, C., Ed. (1993). Major Problems in American Environmental History. Major Problems in American History Series. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company.

Merrell, J. H. (2000). Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier.

Merritt, J. I. (2000). "New trail maps show the Missouri then and now." We Proceeded On 26(4): 7.
A reivew of Martin Plamondon II's Lewis and Clark Trail Maps: A Cartographic Reconstruction

Merritt, J. I. (2000). "Merriwether Lewis: Not a bad botanist." We Proceeded On 26(1): 30-31.
A review of Gary E. Moulton's Herbarium Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Milner, C. A., II, C. A. O'Connor, et al., Eds. (1994). The Oxford History of the American West. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Milton, G. (2000). Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Milton, J. R. (1980). The Novel of the American West. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Mitchell, L. C. (1981). Witnesses to a vanishing America : the nineteenth-century response. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.

Mitchell, L. C. (1996). Westerns : making the man in fiction and film. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Morales Pérez, D. (1998). Proyectos separtistas en los Estados Unidoes de América. El caso de Aaron Burr, 1804-1807. Mexico City, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Morello, C. (2001). Native American Roots, Once Hidden, Now Embraced. Washington Post. Washington, DC: A01.
Excerpted...

"I recently enrolled a teenager who is 1/128th Indian, but he's more
Indian than a half-blood or a full blood who doesn't live here," she
said. "It's a question of cultural identity. But who am I to say? My
mother speaks Cherokee. I understand some words. My kids don't, and my
grandkids won't. I can't say who's an Indian and who's not anymore."

As more Americans say they are, Hastings Shade, the Cherokee Nation's
deputy chief, sees the fulfillment of a prophecy. A Cherokee legend tells
of a white snake that devours Indian land and people. Many generations
later, a young Indian learns its ways and drives a stake through its
heart.

"In the end," the legend concludes, "only Indian blood will be left, and
people will be lining up to try to prove they have Indian blood."

"In the legend, it took 14 generations," Shade said.

For the Cherokee Nation, that milestone came just a few years ago when it
enrolled a new member whose Indian ancestor was 14 generations removed.

Morgan, T. (1993). Wilderness at Dawn.

Morrison, M. A. (2000). The Human Tradition in Antebellum America. Wilmington, Del, Scholarly Resources.

Moulton, G. E. (1978). John Ross, Cherokee Chief. Athens, University of Georgia Press.

Moulton, G. E. (2000). "Journey's End." We Proceeded On 26(4): 9-16.
The editor of the definitive collection of Lewis and Clark journals tells all.

Moulton, G. E., J. E. Potter, et al. (2001). Lewis and Clark on the middle Missouri. Lincoln, Nebraska State Historical Society.

Moulton, G. E. and University of Nebraska--Lincoln. Center for Great Plains Studies. (1999). The herbarium of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Moyer, P. B. (2001). "Being duly Sworn, Deposeth and saith": Exploring Conflicting Narratives in the Kidnapping of Timothy Pickering. Telling Stories about the Backcountry: The Challenges of Narrative in Early American History. D. C. Hsuing. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.

Murray, D. (2000). Indian Giving: Economies of Power In Indian-White Exchanges. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press.

Nardo, D., Ed. (1999). North American Indian Wars. San Diego, Greenhaven.

Nash, G. Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America.

Nash, R. (1967). Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven, Yale University Press.

Nichols, D. (1939). Stagecoach. J. Ford.
Passengers on a stagecoach heading for Lordsburg, New Mexico have a rough trip, during which Curly, the sheriff who is riding shotgun, arrests the Ringo Kid, who has broken out of prison to shoot it out with the Plummer brothers. Enroute, one passenger, a young officer's wife, gives birth, with the aid of the Dr. Boone, an alcoholic and Dallas, a beautiful woman of questionable repute. Shortly thereafter, the stagecoach is attacked by Apaches. When they finally arrive in Lordsburg, Curly allows Ringo to settle his dispute, and make a getaway with Dallas, with whom he has fallen in love.

Nichols, R. L. and P. L. Halley (1980). Stephen Long and American frontier exploration. Newark, University of Delaware Press.

Nie, M. A. (1998). "Build It and They Will Come: A Reexamination of the California State Water Project." Southern California Quarterly 80(Spring): 71-88.

Niezen, R. (2000). Spirit Wars: Native North American Religions in the Age of Nation Building, University of California Press.

Ninkovich, F. (2001). The United States and Imperialism. Malden, Blackwell Publishers.

Norton, M. B. (2001). The Devil in the Shape of a Tawney Man. Narrating Salem Witchcraft as an Episode in Frontier History. B. Rosenthal. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.

Noy, G. (1999). Distant Horizon: Documents from the Nineteenth-Century American West. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Nugent, F. S. (1948). Fort Apache. J. Ford, Argosy Pictures.
Depicts a martinet cavalry officer whose by-the-book tactics and ignorance of the western frontier cause him to lead his men into a fatal Apache ambush.

Nugent, F. S. (1949). She Wore a Yellow Ribbon. J. Ford, RKO-Argosy Pictures.
The rugged commander of a small cavalry outpost on the western frontier is faced with imminent retirement. As well as safeguarding the stagecoatch routes, he must make peace with his Indian counterparts to avert a needless war and also make sure his troop will be in capable hands when he leaves.

Nye, D. (1997). Colorado River Landscapes. La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain, reci Ediciones.

O'Connell, D. M. (2001). "Looking west and into the future from Monticello." We Proceeded On 27(3): 30.
A review of James P. Ronda's Jefferson's West: A Journey with Lewis and Clark

Olexer, B. (1982). The Enslavement of the American Indian. New York.

Onuf, P. S. (2000). Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood. Charlottesville, University Press of Virigina.

Painter, N. I. (1987). Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1919. New York, W.W. Norton.

Pasley, J. L. (2001). The Tyranny of Printers: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic.

Patterson, J. T. (1996). Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Pauly, P. J. (2000). Biologists and the Promise of American Life: From Meriwether Lewis to Alfred Kinsey. Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Paxson, F. (1924). History of the American Frontier.

Perdue, T. and M. D. Green (2001). The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast. New York, Columbia University Press.

Philippon, D. J. (1998). "Representing Nature": American Nature Writers and the Growth of Environmental Organizations, 1885-1985, University of Virginia.

Phillips, J. B. and P. G. Phillips (1998). The Brainerd Journal: A Mission to the Cherokees, 1817-1823. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Phillips, U. B. (1962). The Expulsion of the Cherokee. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 1-13.

Postel, S. (1992). Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity.

Prats, A. J. (1998). "The Image of the Other Dances with Wolves: The Reconfigured Indian and the Textual Supplement." Journal of Film and Video 50(Spring): 3-19.

Preston, D. L. (2001). Settlers, Indians, and Cultural Encounters: Constructing Narratives about Ordinary Peoples on the Early Pennsylvania Frontier. Telling Stories about the Backcountry: The Challenges of Narrative in Early American History. D. C. Hsuing. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.

Rajtar, S. (1999). Indian War Sites: A Guidebook to Battlefields, Monuments, and Memorials, State by State with Canada and Mexico. Jefferson, McFarland.

Ratcliffe, D. J. (1998). Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793-1821. Columbus, Ohio State University Press.

Remini, R. V. (2001). Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. New York, Viking.

Resch, J. (1999). Revolutionary War Veterans, Moral Sentiment, and Political Culture in the Early Republic. Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press.

Rhodes, R. (1988). The Making of the Atomic Bomb.

Rhodes, R. (1996). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb.

Richards, L. L. (2000). The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780-1860. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press.

Rickey, D. J. (1963). Forty Miles a Day On Beans and Hay. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Riegel, R. E. (1949). Young America, 1830-1840. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Robarge, D. (2000). A Chief Justice's Progress: John Marshall from Revolutionary Virginia to the Supreme Court. Westport, Connecticut, and London, Greenwood Press.

Roberts, B. (2000). American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-class Culture. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.

Rogin, M. P. (1975). Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.
An interesting examination of US policy toward Native Americans in the administrations leading to and including Jackson. Paternalization of the various tribes and the strength of Jackson's character are main themes.

Ronda, J. P. (1994). Dreaming the Pass: The Western Imagination and the Landscape of South Pass. The Big empty: essays on western landscapes as narrative. L. Engel. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press: 7-26.

Ronda, J. P. (1997). Exploring the American West in the Age of Jefferson. North American exploration. J. L. Allen. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press. 3: 9-74.

Ronning, G. (2001). Miners on the Warpath: The Wobbly Menace in Arizona, 1917. Labor Conflict in the American West, 1865-1950. T. Higbie. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.
In their estimation of their organized workers, industrialists in the West often took a civilization-versus-savage point of view. This resembled the prevailing national attitudes toward Native Americans. Ronning claims that by doing so, capitalists, soldiers, and lawmen sought to absolve themselves of the savageness which they used to surpress labor organization (especially among the IWW). Ronning sees this as a permutation of xenophobia after World War I; when "Indian hating" ended, the prejudice simply shifted from Native Americans to labor. Labor was sometimes refered to as the "savage working classes." Native Americans themselves became something of a "shadow self" to some labor organizers, embodying what was good and noble about early America.

Rosenzweig, R. (1983). Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Ross, J. and G. E. Moulton (1985). The papers of Chief John Ross. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Roth, P. (2001). Native Land: Photographs from the Robert G. Lewis Collection. Washington, DC, The Corcoran Gallery of Art.
Pamphlet accompanying the Corcoran's Native Land exhibit. Contains an introduction and text by Paul Roth--Assistant Curator of Photography and Media Arts--and a checklist containing the bibliographic data for the 61 photographs displayed. All of the photographs are from the Robert G. Lewis Collection at the Denver Public Library, and some are reproduced in the pamphlet.

Rozum, M. P. (2001). The Relational West. A companion to 19th-century America. W. L. Barney. Malden, Mass., Blackwell: 286-300.

Rozwenc, E. C., Ed. (1963). The Meaning of Jacksonian Democracy. Problems in American Civilization. Boston, D.C. Heath and Company.
Primary sources and commentary on Jacksonian democracy.

Rudner, L. A. and H. A. Heynau (2001). "Revisiting Fort Mandan's Latitude." We Proceeded On 27(4): 27-30.

Ruffin, E. (2000). Nature's Management: Writings on Landscape and Reform 1822-1859. Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press.

Sandlin, M., B. Abrash, et al. (1988). Indians, Outlaws, and Angie Debo (The American Experience), PBS.
Profiles historian Angie Debo who, in the course of her research, discovered that Indians in Oklahoma had been swindled out of their land allotments by unscrupulous white people, some of whom were major political figures. Publishers refused to print her book detailing this discovery for years, until Princeton University did in 1950. Debo continued writing about Indian history, devoting her career to telling the story of how U.S. government policies have destroyed the Indian way of life.

Sandoz, M. and J. R. Webb (1964). Cheyenne Autumn. J. Ford.
Follows a small, heroic band of Cheyenne Indians as they escape from a wretched Oklahoma reservation in 1878 and fight their way back to their homeland in the Yellowstone River country 1,500 miles away.

Sassi, J. (2001). A Republic of Righteousness: The Public Christianity of the Post-Revolutionary New England Clergy. Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press.

Schantz, M. S. (2000). Piety in Providence: Class Dimensions of Religious Experience in Antebellum Rhode Island. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.

Scharff, V. (2002). Twenty Thousand Roads: Women, Movement, and the West. Berkeley, University of California Press.

Schlissel, L. (1992). Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey. New York, Schocken Books.

Schubert, F. N. (1993). Buffalo Soldiers, Braves and the Brass: The Story of Fort Robinson, Nebraska. Shippensburg, PA, White Mane Publishing Company Inc.

Schulten, S. (2001). Mapmakers and the Culture of Cartography in American History. Cartographic Narratives in the History of North America. M. C. Elliott. Boston, American Historical Association, 115th Annual Meeting.
Schulten focuses her paper on the popular consumption of maps in the late nineteenth through mid twentieth centuries. She finds that, in general, American maps were inferior in readability than their European counterparts and did not show much more than placenames and political/physical boundaries. Some maps which she studied from Rand McNally and the National Geographic Society are, in fact, almost unreadable because of the amount of information that mapmakers attempted to cram into their charts. In the 1930's Goode's student atlas marked a dramatic change from this style. Aimed at usefulness beyond political geography, Goode abandoned the Mercator projection and moved the United States from the middle of the map and back into the western hemisphere. Traditional mapmakers countered that they were producing maps which depicted the "way that the world should be seen."

Serber, R. and R. Rhodes, Eds. (1992). The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How to Build an Atomic Bomb.

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Slifer, D. (2000). Guide to Rock Art of the Utah Region: Sites with Public Access. Sante Fe, Ancient City Press.

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Smith, J. H., A. Cumming, et al. (1832). An oration delivered by appointment before the Union & State Rights Party, on the 4th of July 1832, at the Second Presbyterian Church. Charleston, Printed by William S. Blain.

Sobel, M. (2000). Teach Me Dreams: The Search for Self in the Revolutionary Era. Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press.

Sommer, E. W. (2000). Serving Two Masters: Moravian Brethren in Germany and North Carolina, 1727-1801. Lexington, University Press of Kentucky.

Sproul, D. K. (2001). A Bridge Between Cultures An Administrative History of Rainbow Bridge National Monument. Denver, Government Printing Office, National Park Service, Intermountain Region,.

Starr, E. (2001). "Celestial Navigation Basics." We Proceeded On 27(4): 12-18.

Starr, K. and R. J. Orsi, Eds. (2000). Rooted in Barbarous Soil: People, Culture, and Community in Gold Rush California. California History Sesquicentennial Series. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press.

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Using journals, oral accounts and Indian ledger drawings, as well as archival and feature films, the Battle of the Little Big Horn is examined from two views: that of the Sioux, Cheyenne and Crow who had lived on the Great Plains for generations, and that of the white settlers who pushed west across the continent.

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An investigation of the life and presidency of Andrew Jackson.

Tate, M. L. (1999). The Frontier Army in the Settlement of the West. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

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The Corcoran Gallery of Art (2001). Native Land: Photographs from the Robert G. Lewis Collection. Washington, DC.
An exhibition of 61 black and white photographs from the Robert G. Lewis Collection (Denver Public Library).

Thompson, S. (1962). The Cherokee Nation vs. The State of Georgia: Dissenting Opinion. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 66-68.

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Tomkin, W. Universal Sign Language of the Plains Indians of North America.

Tranchin, R. (1998). U.S. Mexican War 1846-1848. G. Martin.

Troccoli, J. C. (2000). Painters and the American West: The Anschutz Collection. New Haven, Denver Art Museum and Yale University Press.

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An overview of Indian removal focusing on the law.

Turner, F. J. (1906). Rise of the New West, 1819-1829.

Turner, F. J. (1962). The Advance of the Georgia Frontier. The Removal of the Cherokee Nation: Manifest Destiny or National Dishonor? L. Filler. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Company: 102-105.

Turner, F. J. (1963). Jacksonian Democracy. The Meaning of Jacksonian Democracy. E. C. Rozwenc. Boston, D.C. Heath and Company: 60-66.

Turner, F. J. (1992). Beyond Geography: The Western Spirit against the Wilderness.

Turner, F. J. (1996). The Frontier in American History. New York, Dover.

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Utley, R. M. (1994). Littgle Bighorn Battlefield: A History and Guide to the Battle of Little Bighorn: Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Montana. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.

Uys, M. and L. Lovell (1998). Riding the Rails (The American Experience), PBS.
During the Depression-era 1930s, tens of thousands of teenagers hopped on freight trains in search of a better life elsewhere. What they found was a mixture of adventure, camadarie, hardship, and loneliness. These are the evocative stories of teen hoboes crisscrossing America during tough times.

VanBurkleo, S. F. (2001). "Belonging to the World": Women's Rights and American Constitutional Culture. New York, Oxford University Press.

Waitley, D. (1998). William Henry Jackson: Framing the Frontier. Missoula, Mountain Man Press.

Walcheck, K. C. (2000). "Wapiti." We Proceeded On 26(3): 26-32.

Walcheck, K. C. (2002). "Naming the Animals." We Proceeded On 28(1): 26-31.

Walker, P. R. Trail of the Old West.

Wallace, A. F. C. (1993). The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians. New York, Hill and Wang.
A concise work that explores the federal and state policies along with the social conditions which lead to Indian removal in the Jackson age, investigates changes to the Native Americans' world, and describes the Removal Act and the Trail of Tears.

Wallace, A. F. C. (1999). Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

Wallace, J. (2000). "The Mystery of Clark's Nightengale." We Proceeded On 26(2): 18-25.

Walters, H. (2000). People for the USA! disbands. High Country News. Paonia, CO: 3.
The conservative grassroots group People for the USA! disbands by merging with Frontiers of Freedom. The group disolved because, as PFUSA! executive director Jeff Harris notes, "Americans have embraced the environmental ethic; it is part of our value system like motherhood and apple pie."

Ward, G. C. and D. Duncan (1996). The West: An Illustrated History. Boston, Little Brown.

Waters, P. (1998). Mr. Jefferson's Literary Pursuit of the West: The Journals of Lewis and Clark, University of Tennessee.

Weber, R. (1999). ""I Would Ask No Other Monument to my Memory": George Catlin and a Nation's Park." Journal of the West 38(January): 15-21.

Wellington, R. G. Political and Sectional Influence on the Public Lands.

Wexler, A., M. Braun, et al. (1995). Atlas of westward expansion. New York, N.Y., Facts On File.

White, D. A. (1998). Later Explorers, 1847-1865. Spokane, Clark.

White, R. (1991). "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West. Norman, OK, University of Oklahoma Press.

Wilkins, D. E. (1997). American Indian Sovereignty and the U.S. Supreme Court: The Making of Justice. Austin, University of Texas Press.

Williams, F. (2001). Plains Sense. High Country News. Paonia, CO: 1,8-11.
Explores the depopulation of the Great Plains and the changing attitudes toward the "Buffalo Commons" as proposed by Frank and Deborah Popper. Williams notes that the depopulation of the Plains and the re-emergence of a frontier in the interior of the nation is "Manifest Destiny in reverse. . . . The frontier is not only surviving, it is also expanding at rates unprecedented since the Dust Bowl. If Turner though taming the frontier helped define American values and character, what does it say about us that we have failed? Did Western communities ever really exist as separate and insulated from urban markets and corporate or federal capital?" The Poppers assert that the only way to retain any sustainable population in the arid Plains is to cultivate its primitive, ruggededness, namely buffalo.

Willingham, C. (1970). Little Big Man. A. Penn.
Jack Crabb is 121 years old. And he's done it all. He's been a full-fledged Cheyenne, an Indian fighter, a snake oil merchant, master gunman, drinking buddy of Wild Bill Hickok, colleague of Buffalo Bill, and is the only survivor of Custer's Last Stand. Crabb is either the Old West's most neglected hero or the biggest liar ever to cross the Mississippi.

Wilton, A. (2002). American sublime : landscape painting in the united states, 1820 - 1880. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.

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Wooster, R. (1988). The Military & United States Indian Policy 1865-1903. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press.

Wooster, R. (1993). Nelson A. Miles: The Twilight of the Frontier Army. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press.

Worster, D. (1985). Rivers of empire : water, aridity, and the growth of the American West. New York, Pantheon Books.

Worster, D. (1992). Under western skies : nature and history in the American West. New York ; Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Worster, D. (1993). The wealth of nature : environmental history and the ecological imagination. New York, Oxford University Press.

Worster, D. (1994). An unsettled country : changing landscapes of the American West. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.

Worster, D. (2000). A river running west : the life of John Wesley Powell. Oxford ; New York, Oxford University Press.

Yergin, D. (1990). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York, Touchstone.

Young, M. (2000). "Indian Policy in the Age of Jefferson." Journal of the Early Republic 20(2): 297.

Zeller, S. (1997). Nature's Gullivers and Crusoes: The Scientific Exploration of British North America, 1800-1870. North American exploration. J. L. Allen. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press. 3: 190-243.